A Reversibly Thermoresponsive, Theranostic Nanoemulgel for Tacrolimus Delivery to Activated Macrophages: Formulation and In Vitro Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of Nanoemulsions (NEs)
2.2.2. Preparation of Nanoemulgels (NEGs)
2.2.3. Colloidal Characterization of the NEs and NEGs
2.2.4. Physical Stress Testing of NEs: Centrifugation and Filtration
2.2.5. Thermal Cycling and Freeze-Thaw Cycling of NEs
2.2.6. Serum Stability Testing of NEs and NEGs
2.2.7. Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Imaging of NEs and NEGs
2.2.8. Sterility Testing of NEGs
2.2.9. pH Measurements of NEs and NEGs
2.2.10. Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)
2.2.11. Dissolution Test to Study the Release of TAC-NE from TAC-NEG
2.2.12. In Vitro Release of TAC from TAC-NE and TAC-NEG
2.2.13. Rheology on NEGs
2.2.14. Macrophage Viability following Exposure of NEs and NEGs
2.2.15. Fluorescence Microscopy
2.2.16. Flow Cytometry
2.2.17. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.2.18. Nitric Oxide Assay
2.2.19. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preparation and Characterization of TAC-NE
3.2. Preparation of TAC-NEG
3.3. Release of TAC-NE from TAC-NEG
3.4. Rheology
3.5. Macrophage Viability and Cellular Uptake of TAC
3.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
3.7. Nitric Oxide Assay
3.8. Long-Term Stability Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Translational Relevance
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vichare, R.; Crelli, C.; Liu, L.; Das, A.C.; McCallin, R.; Zor, F.; Kulahci, Y.; Gorantla, V.S.; Janjic, J.M. A Reversibly Thermoresponsive, Theranostic Nanoemulgel for Tacrolimus Delivery to Activated Macrophages: Formulation and In Vitro Validation. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102372
Vichare R, Crelli C, Liu L, Das AC, McCallin R, Zor F, Kulahci Y, Gorantla VS, Janjic JM. A Reversibly Thermoresponsive, Theranostic Nanoemulgel for Tacrolimus Delivery to Activated Macrophages: Formulation and In Vitro Validation. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(10):2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102372
Chicago/Turabian StyleVichare, Riddhi, Caitlin Crelli, Lu Liu, Amit Chandra Das, Rebecca McCallin, Fatih Zor, Yalcin Kulahci, Vijay S. Gorantla, and Jelena M. Janjic. 2023. "A Reversibly Thermoresponsive, Theranostic Nanoemulgel for Tacrolimus Delivery to Activated Macrophages: Formulation and In Vitro Validation" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 10: 2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102372