Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The enhancement of the antibacterial effect of nisin Z complexed with CD-based NSs and β-CD;
- The understanding of the antibacterial activity of CD-NSs and β-CD;
- The evaluation of the influence of CD-NSs and β-CD for enhancing the conservative effect of nisin Z on cooked chicken meat and preventing the decomposition of nisin in present pepsin.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges
2.2.2. Preparation of Nisin-Z-Loaded β-CD-Based NSs
2.2.3. Fourier Transformed Infrared Study
2.2.4. In Vitro Release Study
2.3. Antimicrobial Activity Assays
2.3.1. Preparation of Bacterial Strains, Medium, and Cultivation
2.3.2. Antimicrobial Evaluation in Solid Culture Medium
2.3.3. Antimicrobial Evaluation in Liquid Culture Medium
2.3.4. Capacity of Bacteria to Use β-CD and NSs as Carbon Sources
2.3.5. Total Viable Counts (TVCs)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization and In Vitro Release
3.2. Antimicrobial Activity Assays
3.2.1. Inhibition Zone Diameter
3.2.2. Inhibition of Bacteria Growth Rate in BHI
3.2.3. MIC and MBC
3.2.4. Capacity of Bacteria to Use β-CD and Nanosponges as Carbon Sources
3.2.5. Total Viable Counts (TVCs)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MIC (µg/mL) | MBC (µg/mL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nisin | PMDA + Nisin | CDI + Nisin | β-CD + Nisin | Nisin | PMDA + Nisin | CDI + Nisin | β-CD + Nisin | |
E. coli | ND | 625 | 625 | 1250 | ND | 1250 | 625 | 2500 |
S. aureus | 5000 | 625 | 625 | 1250 | ND | 1250 | 625 | 2500 |
MIC (µg/mL) | MBC (µg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMDA-NSs | CDI-NSs | β-CD | PMDA-NSs | CDI-NSs | β-CD | |
E. coli | 10,000 | 5000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ND |
S. aureus | 20,000 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
TVC (log CFU/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Storage Time (d) | ||||
0 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 | |
C | 3.6 ± 0.04 | 4.8 ± 0.09 | 5.86 ± 0.05 | 7.05 ± 0.06 | 8.8 ± 0.03 |
N | 3.08 ± 0.02 | 4.43 ± 0.04 | 5.28 ± 0.05 | 6.63 ± 0.04 | 8.5 ± 0.06 |
N-P | 3.45± 0.05 | 4.72 ± 0.01 | 5.35 ± 0.04 | 6.85± 0.07 | 8.71 ± 0.01 |
β-CD-N | 3.38 ± 0.03 | 4.30 ± 0.02 * | 5.17 ± 0.06 * | 6.57 ± 0.02 ns | 8.2 ± 0.07 * |
β-CD-N-P | 3.55 ± 0.02 | 4.64 ± 0.03 # | 5.20 ± 0.02 # | 6.70 ± 0.05 # | 8.38 ± 0.06 # |
CDI-N | 3.20 ± 0.06 | 3.9 ± 0.04 ** | 4.81 ± 0.04 *** | 5.54 ± 0.05 **** | 7.88 ± 0.04 *** |
CDI-N-P | 3.34 ± 0.03 | 4.18 ± 0.04 ### | 4.94 ± 0.06 ## | 5.98 ± 0.03 ### | 8.07 ± 0.02 ### |
PMDA-N | 3.24 ± 0.03 | 4.24 ± 0.05 * | 5.04 ± 0.05 ** | 6.33 ± 0.04 ** | 8.08 ± 0.05 ** |
PMDA-N-P | 3.52 ± 0.05 | 4.45 ± 0.04 ## | 5.15 ± 0.03 # | 6.54 ± 0.06 ## | 8.25 ± 0.05 ## |
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Khazaei Monfared, Y.; Mahmoudian, M.; Hoti, G.; Caldera, F.; López Nicolás, J.M.; Zakeri-Milani, P.; Matencio, A.; Trotta, F. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030685
Khazaei Monfared Y, Mahmoudian M, Hoti G, Caldera F, López Nicolás JM, Zakeri-Milani P, Matencio A, Trotta F. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(3):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030685
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhazaei Monfared, Yousef, Mohammad Mahmoudian, Gjylije Hoti, Fabrizio Caldera, José Manuel López Nicolás, Parvin Zakeri-Milani, Adrián Matencio, and Francesco Trotta. 2022. "Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3: 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030685