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Volume 11
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10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343
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Article

Augmentation of EPR Effect and Efficacy of Anticancer Nanomedicine by Carbon Monoxide Generating Agents

by
Jun Fang
1,*,†,
Rayhanul Islam
1,†,
Waliul Islam
2,3,
Hongzhuan Yin
1,4,
Vladimir Subr
5,
Tomas Etrych
5,
Karel Ulbrich
5 and
Hiroshi Maeda
2,3,*
1
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
2
Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
3
Biodynamics Research Foundation, Kumamoto 862-0954, Japan
4
Department of General Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110011, China
5
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 16206, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this paper.
Pharmaceutics 2019, 11(7), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343
Submission received: 14 June 2019 / Revised: 11 July 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 / Published: 16 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy)
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Abstract

One obstacle to the successful delivery of nanodrugs into solid tumors is the heterogeneity of an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect as a result of occluded or embolized tumor blood vessels. Therefore, the augmentation of the EPR effect is critical for satisfactory anticancer nanomedicine. In this study, we focused on one vascular mediator involved in the EPR effect, carbon monoxide (CO), and utilized two CO generating agents, one is an extrinsic CO donor (SMA/CORM2 micelle) and another is an inducer of endogenous CO generation via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction that is carried out using pegylated hemin. Both agents generated CO selectively in solid tumors, which resulted in an enhanced EPR effect and a two- to three-folds increased tumor accumulation of nanodrugs. An increase in drug accumulation in the normal tissue did not occur with the treatment of CO generators. In vivo imaging also clearly indicated a more intensified fluorescence of macromolecular nanoprobe in solid tumors when combined with these CO generators. Consequently, the combination of CO generators with anticancer nanodrugs resulted in an increased anticancer effect in the different transplanted solid tumor models. These findings strongly warrant the potential application of these CO generators as EPR enhancers in order to enhance tumor detection and therapy using nanodrugs.
Keywords: EPR effect; nanomedicine; carbon monoxide; PDT; nanoprobe EPR effect; nanomedicine; carbon monoxide; PDT; nanoprobe
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fang, J.; Islam, R.; Islam, W.; Yin, H.; Subr, V.; Etrych, T.; Ulbrich, K.; Maeda, H. Augmentation of EPR Effect and Efficacy of Anticancer Nanomedicine by Carbon Monoxide Generating Agents. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343

AMA Style

Fang J, Islam R, Islam W, Yin H, Subr V, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Maeda H. Augmentation of EPR Effect and Efficacy of Anticancer Nanomedicine by Carbon Monoxide Generating Agents. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(7):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang, Jun, Rayhanul Islam, Waliul Islam, Hongzhuan Yin, Vladimir Subr, Tomas Etrych, Karel Ulbrich, and Hiroshi Maeda. 2019. "Augmentation of EPR Effect and Efficacy of Anticancer Nanomedicine by Carbon Monoxide Generating Agents" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 7: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343

APA Style

Fang, J., Islam, R., Islam, W., Yin, H., Subr, V., Etrych, T., Ulbrich, K., & Maeda, H. (2019). Augmentation of EPR Effect and Efficacy of Anticancer Nanomedicine by Carbon Monoxide Generating Agents. Pharmaceutics, 11(7), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070343

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