Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classification, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. HEV Phylogeny
2.1. Piscihepevirus Genus
2.2. Orthohepevirus Genus
2.2.1. Orthohepevirus A
Genotypes 1 and 2
Genotype 3
- Clade 3abchij: Within this first clade, HEV strains can be separated into two subclades, 3abj and 3chi, sharing 81.16% to 85.33% nt identity (Figure 2) [35]. HEV strains that cluster in the 3chi subclade share 84.7% to 96.46% nt identity and originate from Europe (France and Germany) and Mongolia. HEV strains within the 3abj subclade share more than 83.75% nt identity. They were isolated in Asia, Europe and North America and are predominantly circulating in Asia and North America. Complete genomes of subtype 3a are from North America and evolutionary studies suggest that it came from Asia and diverged from subtype 3b to subtype 3a in the early 1920s [37,40]. In the subtype 3b, nearly 90% of the full genomes are from Japan, sharing more than 95% nt identity [35,37] (Figure 2). Studies on the origin of HEV in Japan suggest that HEV-3 was imported from Europe in the early 20th century and then diverged into the 3b subtype [37,40]. The subtype 3j was isolated from a pool of pig faecal samples in North America [48], thus, full genome sequences from single animals must be added to validate this subtype [35].
- Clade 3efg: This clade includes the three subtypes e, f and g, sharing 82.75%–90.57% nt identity, and 3 non-assigned subtypes. Subtypes 3e and 3f are mainly found in Asia and Europe [49,50]. Evolutionary studies have hypothesised that these HEV strains have emerged in Europe around 1871 [37]. There is only one complete sequence for the subtype 3g from Kirgizstan, which is the most divergent virus of this clade (Figure 2). The classification of the subtype 3d is based on one partial ORF2 sequence from Taiwan, it shares 86.18% and 84.87% nt identity with the subtypes 3g and 3h, respectively. Subtype 3d does not belong to any clade so far.
- Subtype 3ra (rabbit): These strains share 73% to 80% nt identity with other HEV-3 subtypes and form a distinct clade within genotype 3 (Figure 2). This divergence is mainly due to numerous substitutions and insertions in the rabbit HEV genome compared to the other Orthohepevirus A HEV strains [8,51]. As rabbit strains better cluster with other genotype 3 strains, they are provisionally assigned as subtype 3ra [8,38] and divided into 2 subclades [38]. This subtype includes a strain isolated from a human case of hepatitis E in France that shares 80.12% to 86.14% nt identity with the other rabbit strains [51].
Genotype 4
Genotypes 5 and 6
Genotype 7
2.2.2. Orthohepevirus B
2.2.3. Orthohepevirus C
2.2.4. Orthohepevirus D
2.2.5. Unassigned Orthohepeviruses
Swedish Moose
Kestrel (Falconidae)
3. Animal models of HEV
3.1. Non-Human Primates (Historical Model)
3.2. Swine
3.3. Chickens
3.4. Rabbits
3.5. Rats
3.6. Ferrets
3.7. Mongolian Gerbils
3.8. Human Liver Chimeric Mice
4. Inter-Species Transmission of HEV
5. Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic HEV
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Doceul, V.; Bagdassarian, E.; Demange, A.; Pavio, N. Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classification, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes. Viruses 2016, 8, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8100270
Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Demange A, Pavio N. Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classification, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes. Viruses. 2016; 8(10):270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8100270
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoceul, Virginie, Eugénie Bagdassarian, Antonin Demange, and Nicole Pavio. 2016. "Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classification, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes" Viruses 8, no. 10: 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8100270