The Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus Accessory Proteins in Virus Pathogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SARS Accessory Proteins
2.1. ORF3a and ORF3b
2.2. ORF6
2.3. ORF7a and ORF7b
2.4. ORF8a and ORF8b
2.5. ORF9b
3. Conclusions
Gene Nomenclature | Effect on cellular processes ¥ |
---|---|
ORF3a | Enhances osteoclast differentiation in murine macrophage osteoclast precursor cell line [41] |
Induces apoptosis via caspase-8 and -9 dependent pathways [29,48,49,50]; Bax, p53 and p38 MAP kinase also plays role in ORF3a apoptosis [54] | |
Upregulates fibrinogen levels in lungs [51] | |
Activates JNK and NK-kappaB, which is involved in the activation of pro-inflammatory genes [20,41,52] | |
Upregulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-8 and RANTES [20,41,52] | |
ORF3b | Upregulates cytokines and chemokines by modulating the transcriptional activity of RUNX1b [73] |
AP1 transcriptional activity through activation of JNK and ERK pathways [74] | |
ORF6 | Induces DNA synthesis [82] |
Suppresses the induction of type 1 IFN and IFN signaling pathways [68,94] | |
ORF7a | Induces inflammatory response by activating NF-kappaB and the IL-8 promotor [52] |
Augments the production of pro-inflammatory chemokines such as IL-8 and RANTES [52] | |
Induces apoptosis [13,101,109] | |
ORF7b | ND # |
ORF8a | Induces apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathway [119] |
ORF8b | Induces DNA synthesis [120] |
ORF9b | Induces apoptosis [123] |
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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McBride, R.; Fielding, B.C. The Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus Accessory Proteins in Virus Pathogenesis. Viruses 2012, 4, 2902-2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4112902
McBride R, Fielding BC. The Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus Accessory Proteins in Virus Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2012; 4(11):2902-2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4112902
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcBride, Ruth, and Burtram C. Fielding. 2012. "The Role of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus Accessory Proteins in Virus Pathogenesis" Viruses 4, no. 11: 2902-2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4112902