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Volume 17
Issue 6
10.3390/v17060753
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Review

Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment

by
Rajesh Yadav
1,†,
Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
2,
Ujjwal Srivastava
1,†,
Saurabh Gupta
3,
Sarvesh Rustagi
4,
Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
2,
Vivek Kumar Kashyap
5,6,* and
Sanjay Kumar
7,8,9,*
1
Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
2
Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
4
Department of Food Technology, School of Agriculture, Maya Devi University, Dehradun 248011, India
5
South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
6
Division of Cancer Immunology and Microbiology, Medicine and Oncology Integrated Service Unit, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
7
Biological and Bio-Computational Laboratory, Sharda School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
8
DST-FIST Facility, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
9
Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Imaging and Forensic, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Viruses 2025, 17(6), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060753 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 2 March 2025 / Revised: 6 May 2025 / Accepted: 21 May 2025 / Published: 25 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies against SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Future Emerging Virus Outbreaks)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Monkeypox virus (Mpox virus) is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus that has gained increased global attention due to recent outbreaks. The current review reports the latest update of Mpox cases from 25 February 2022 to 29 April 2025. It also evaluates the possible major complications in human life caused by Mpox. In early 2022, more than 40 countries reported Mpox outbreaks. As of 12 June 2024, the global case count for the 2022–2023 Mpox outbreak was 97,281 confirmed cases, in 118 countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Mpox virus, a zoonotic disease, a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 14 August 2024. Mpox symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, and face-to-body rashes. The review also highlights Mpox virus replication, genomics, pathology, transmission, diagnosis, and antiviral therapies. The 2022 outbreak is also discussed in detail. The coinfection of HIV in patients infected with Mpox is also discussed. The evolving Mpox epidemiology has raised concerns about the disease’s increasing spread in non-endemic countries, emphasizing the urgent need for control and prevention. The discussion on preventive measures, including vaccination, suggests that cross-protection against Mpox may be possible using orthopoxvirus-specific antibodies. Although there are no specific antiviral drugs available, certain drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and ribavirin, are worth considering.
Keywords: monkeypox (Mpox); pathology; complication; virus replication; epidemiology; diagnosis and treatment of Mpox monkeypox (Mpox); pathology; complication; virus replication; epidemiology; diagnosis and treatment of Mpox

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yadav, R.; Chaudhary, A.A.; Srivastava, U.; Gupta, S.; Rustagi, S.; Rudayni, H.A.; Kashyap, V.K.; Kumar, S. Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Viruses 2025, 17, 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060753

AMA Style

Yadav R, Chaudhary AA, Srivastava U, Gupta S, Rustagi S, Rudayni HA, Kashyap VK, Kumar S. Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Viruses. 2025; 17(6):753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060753

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yadav, Rajesh, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Ujjwal Srivastava, Saurabh Gupta, Sarvesh Rustagi, Hassan Ahmed Rudayni, Vivek Kumar Kashyap, and Sanjay Kumar. 2025. "Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment" Viruses 17, no. 6: 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060753

APA Style

Yadav, R., Chaudhary, A. A., Srivastava, U., Gupta, S., Rustagi, S., Rudayni, H. A., Kashyap, V. K., & Kumar, S. (2025). Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Viruses, 17(6), 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060753

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