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Volume 14
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10.3390/v14030502
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Article

A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo

by
Elisabeth Nelson
1,
William Thurston
2,
Paul Pearce-Kelly
3,
Hannah Jenkins
3,4,5,
Mary Cameron
1,
Simon Carpenter
6,
Amanda Guthrie
3 and
Marion England
6,*
1
Control of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
2
Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK
3
Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
4
Species360, 7900 International Drive, Suite 300, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA
5
School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
6
The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030502
Submission received: 26 January 2022 / Revised: 25 February 2022 / Accepted: 25 February 2022 / Published: 28 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Topic Veterinary Infectious Diseases)
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Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) cause economically important diseases that are currently exotic to the United Kingdom (UK), but have significant potential for introduction and onward transmission. Given the susceptibility of animals kept in zoo collections to vector-borne diseases, a qualitative risk assessment for the introduction of BTV and AHSV to ZSL London Zoo was performed. Risk pathways for each virus were identified and assessed using published literature, animal import data and outputs from epidemiological models. Direct imports of infected animals, as well as wind-borne infected Culicoides, were considered as routes of incursion. The proximity of ongoing disease events in mainland Europe and proven capability of transmission to the UK places ZSL London Zoo at higher risk of BTV release and exposure (estimated as low to medium) than AHSV (estimated as very low to low). The recent long-range expansion of AHSV into Thailand from southern Africa highlights the need for vector competence studies of Palearctic Culicoides for AHSV to assess the risk of transmission in this region.
Keywords: bluetongue; African horse sickness; Culicoides; risk assessment; zoo bluetongue; African horse sickness; Culicoides; risk assessment; zoo

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nelson, E.; Thurston, W.; Pearce-Kelly, P.; Jenkins, H.; Cameron, M.; Carpenter, S.; Guthrie, A.; England, M. A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo. Viruses 2022, 14, 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030502

AMA Style

Nelson E, Thurston W, Pearce-Kelly P, Jenkins H, Cameron M, Carpenter S, Guthrie A, England M. A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo. Viruses. 2022; 14(3):502. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030502

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson, Elisabeth, William Thurston, Paul Pearce-Kelly, Hannah Jenkins, Mary Cameron, Simon Carpenter, Amanda Guthrie, and Marion England. 2022. "A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo" Viruses 14, no. 3: 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030502

APA Style

Nelson, E., Thurston, W., Pearce-Kelly, P., Jenkins, H., Cameron, M., Carpenter, S., Guthrie, A., & England, M. (2022). A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo. Viruses, 14(3), 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030502

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