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Article

Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins

by
Yung-Kuo Lee
1,2,3,
Wen-Chiu Chang
4,
Ekambaranellore Prakash
5,
Yu-Ju Peng
6,7,
Zhi-Jay Tu
7,
Chun-Hung Lin
6,7,8,
Pang-Hung Hsu
9,10,11,* and
Chuan-Fa Chang
1,2,*
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
2
Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
3
Medical Education and Research Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Zhongzheng 1st Rd., Lingya Distric, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan
4
Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
5
Indus Biotech Private Limited, Kondhwa, Pune 411048, India
6
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
7
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
8
Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
9
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan
10
Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan
11
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
 
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020330
Submission received: 12 January 2022 / Revised: 25 January 2022 / Accepted: 3 February 2022 / Published: 6 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Section SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19)
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Abstract

An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) first detected in Wuhan, China, has created a public health emergency all over the world. The pandemic has caused more than 340 million confirmed cases and 5.57 million deaths as of 23 January 2022. Although carbohydrates have been found to play a role in coronavirus binding and infection, the role of cell surface glycans in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis is still not understood. Herein, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit binds specifically to blood group A and B antigens, and that the spike protein S2 subunit has a binding preference for Lea antigens. Further examination of the binding preference for different types of red blood cells (RBCs) indicated that the spike protein S1 subunit preferentially binds with blood group A RBCs, whereas the spike protein S2 subunit prefers to interact with blood group Lea RBCs. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a known target of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, was identified to be a blood group A antigen-containing glycoprotein. Additionally, 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine was found to inhibit the binding of the spike protein S1 subunit with blood group A RBCs and reduce the interaction between the spike protein S1 subunit and ACE2.
Keywords: blood group; carbohydrate ligand; COVID-19; spike protein blood group; carbohydrate ligand; COVID-19; spike protein

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, Y.-K.; Chang, W.-C.; Prakash, E.; Peng, Y.-J.; Tu, Z.-J.; Lin, C.-H.; Hsu, P.-H.; Chang, C.-F. Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins. Viruses 2022, 14, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020330

AMA Style

Lee Y-K, Chang W-C, Prakash E, Peng Y-J, Tu Z-J, Lin C-H, Hsu P-H, Chang C-F. Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins. Viruses. 2022; 14(2):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020330

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Yung-Kuo, Wen-Chiu Chang, Ekambaranellore Prakash, Yu-Ju Peng, Zhi-Jay Tu, Chun-Hung Lin, Pang-Hung Hsu, and Chuan-Fa Chang. 2022. "Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins" Viruses 14, no. 2: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020330

APA Style

Lee, Y.-K., Chang, W.-C., Prakash, E., Peng, Y.-J., Tu, Z.-J., Lin, C.-H., Hsu, P.-H., & Chang, C.-F. (2022). Carbohydrate Ligands for COVID-19 Spike Proteins. Viruses, 14(2), 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020330

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