Analysis of Different Types of Interferon-Associated Retinopathy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Database
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Patients
3.2. Survival Analysis for Interferon-Associated Retinopathy among Study Cohorts
3.3. Risk of Interferon-Associated Retinopathy among Study Cohorts
3.4. Risk of Side Effects Induced by PegIFN/RBV Treatment among Study Cohorts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Non-HCV (n = 16,880) | HCV-Untreated (n = 3376) | HCV-Treated (n = 1688) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 51.5 (12.0) | 51.6 (12.0) | 51.4 (11.9) | 0.88 |
Male sex, n (%) | 9130 (54.1) | 1826 (54.1) | 913 (54.1) | >0.99 |
Occupation | <0.0001 | |||
White-collar | 9545 (56.6) | 1439 (42.6) | 709 (42.0) | |
Blue-collar | 6060 (35.9) | 1646 (48.8) | 873 (51.7) | |
Other | 1275 (7.55) | 291 (8.62) | 106 (6.28) | |
Urbanisation | <0.0001 | |||
Urban | 5379 (31.9) | 753 (22.3) | 362 (21.5) | |
Suburban | 8074 (47.8) | 1572 (46.6) | 794 (47.0) | |
Rural | 3427 (20.3) | 1051 (31.1) | 532 (31.5) | |
Geographic region | <0.0001 | |||
Northern | 8015 (47.5) | 1011 (30.0) | 466 (27.6) | |
Central | 3286 (19.5) | 735 (21.8) | 366 (21.7) | |
Southern | 4782 (28.3) | 1429 (42.3) | 764 (45.3) | |
Eastern and outlying islands | 797 (4.72) | 201 (5.95) | 92 (5.45) | |
Monthly Income (NT$) | <0.0001 | |||
<15,840 | 5845 (34.6) | 1008 (29.9) | 437 (25.9) | |
15,840–24,999 | 6431 (38.1) | 1689 (50.0) | 884 (52.4) | |
≥25,000 | 4604 (27.3) | 679 (20.1) | 367 (21.7) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Myocardial infarction | 2092 (12.4) | 780 (23.1) | 313 (18.5) | <0.0001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1182 (7.00) | 454 (13.5) | 184 (10.9) | <0.0001 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 4025 (23.8) | 1204 (35.7) | 623 (36.9) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2328 (13.8) | 960 (28.4) | 475 (28.1) | <0.0001 |
Renal disease | 489 (2.90) | 348 (10.3) | 96 (5.69) | <0.0001 |
Hypertension | 4830 (28.6) | 1503 (44.5) | 745 (44.1) | <0.0001 |
Hyperlipidaemia | 1916 (11.4) | 548 (16.2) | 240 (14.2) | 0.002 |
Cataract | 1572 (9.31) | 642 (19.0) | 323 (19.1) | <0.0001 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 242 (1.43) | 112 (3.32) | 39 (2.31) | <0.0001 |
Liver cirrhosis | 2697 (16.0) | 2448 (72.5) | 1537 (91.1) | <0.0001 |
Obesity | 362 (2.14) | 83 (2.46) | 45 (2.67) | 0.24 |
Anemia | 1388 (8.22) | 595 (17.6) | 249 (14.8) | <0.0001 |
Medications | ||||
Statin | 1182 (7.00) | 212 (6.28) | 73 (4.32) | <0.0001 |
Aspirin | 18 (0.11) | 8 (0.24) | 2 (0.12) | 0.15 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 51 (0.30) | 14 (0.41) | 10 (0.59) | 0.11 |
Retinopathy | Non-HCV | HCV-Untreated | p Value | HCV-Treated | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any retinopathy | Cases | 32 | 5 | 15 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 1.15 | 0.99 | 5.44 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.71 (0.24–2.14) | 0.55 | 4.98 (2.02–12.3) | 0.0005 | |
1.00 (ref) | 9.02 (3.04–26.8) | <0.0001 | ||||
Retinal venous occlusion | Cases | 11 | 3 | 3 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.40 | 0.60 | 1.09 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.70 (0.15–3.21) | 0.64 | 1.33 (0.29–6.18) | 0.72 | |
1.00 (ref) | 1.90 (0.40–9.00) | 0.42 | ||||
Retinal arterial occlusion | Cases | 3 | 0 | 1 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.36 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | NA | 0.71 | 90.6 (4.41–1865) | 0.0004 | |
1.00 (ref) | NA | |||||
Retinal hemorrhage | Cases | 12 | 1 | 11 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.43 | 0.20 | 3.99 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.48 (0.07–3.40) | 0.46 | 12.7 (3.78–42.9) | <0.0001 | |
1.00 (ref) | 32.3 (3.94–265) | 0.001 | ||||
Unspecified | Cases | 6 | 1 | 0 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.00 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.03–47.3) | 0.90 | NA | ||
1.00 (ref) | NA |
HCV-Untreated | HCV Patients with Antiviral Therapy (PegIFN/RBV) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retinopathy | <24 Weeks | p Value | ≥24 Weeks | p Value | ||
Any retinopathy | Cases | 5 | 5 | 10 | ||
Person-years | 5032 | 562 | 2194 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.99 | 8.90 | 4.56 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 11.3 (3.00–42.8) | 0.0003 | 8.18 (2.58–25.9) | 0.00004 | |
Retinal venous occlusion | Cases | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
Person-years | 5032 | 562 | 2194 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.60 | 3.56 | 0.46 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 6.59 (0.94–46.2) | 0.06 | 0.76 (0.11–5.35) | 0.78 | |
Retinal arterial occlusion | Cases | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Person-years | 5032 | 562 | 2194 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.00 | 1.78 | 0.00 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | NA | NA | |||
Retinal hemorrhage | Cases | 1 | 2 | 9 | ||
Person-years | 5032 | 562 | 2194 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.20 | 3.56 | 4.10 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 22.0 (1.91–254) | 0.01 | 36.2 (4.19–313) | 0.001 | |
Unspecified | Cases | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Person-years | 5032 | 562 | 2194 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | NA | NA |
Non-HCV | HCV-Untreated | p Value | HCV-Treated | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anemia | Cases | 179 | 77 | 152 | ||
Person-years | 27,740 | 5007 | 2667 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 6.45 | 15.38 | 56.99 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.53 (1.10–2.13) | 0.01 | 8.10 (5.90–11.1) | <0.0001 | |
1.00 (ref) | 4.89 (3.66–6.55) | <0.0001 | ||||
Thrombocytopenia | Cases | 39 | 52 | 34 | ||
Person-years | 27,789 | 5032 | 2756 | |||
Incidence (10−3) | 1.40 | 10.33 | 12.34 | |||
HR a (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 3.75 (2.15–6.54) | <0.0001 | 4.11 (2.22–7.61) | <0.0001 | |
1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 0.60 |
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Wu, C.-M.; Su, F.-H.; Muo, C.-H.; Huang, J.-C.; Wu, M.-M.; Yeh, C.-C. Analysis of Different Types of Interferon-Associated Retinopathy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin. Viruses 2021, 13, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030475
Wu C-M, Su F-H, Muo C-H, Huang J-C, Wu M-M, Yeh C-C. Analysis of Different Types of Interferon-Associated Retinopathy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin. Viruses. 2021; 13(3):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030475
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Chia-Min, Fu-Hsiung Su, Chih-Hsin Muo, Jou-Chen Huang, Meei-Maan Wu, and Chih-Ching Yeh. 2021. "Analysis of Different Types of Interferon-Associated Retinopathy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin" Viruses 13, no. 3: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030475