Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Strains and Culturing
2.2. Phage Isolation, Cultivation and Purification
2.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.4. DNA Extraction and Genome Sequencing
2.5. Genome Annotations, Alignments, and Phylogenetic Analyses
2.6. Phage Adsorption and Growth
2.7. Phage Lysis Curves
2.8. Phage Host Range
2.9. Statistics
2.10. Accession Numbers
3. Results
3.1. Isolation, Morphology, Sequencing, and Genome Annotation of CrRp3
3.2. Morphology and Genome of Phage CrRp10
3.3. Comparison of Citrobacter Phage Proteins
3.4. CrRp3 Is Faster at Infecting a Host Cell, but Has a Smaller Burst Size
3.5. Hypoxia Reduces Lysis at Low MOIs but Not Resistance
3.6. Host Range
3.7. Phage Phylogenetic Relationships
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phage | Host | Source | Phage Family * | Size (kb) | GC% | Accession No. | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrRp3 | C. rodentium | wastewater | A | 44.3 | 45.1 | MG775042 | This study |
CR44b | C. rodentium | sewage effluent | A | 39.2 | 50.5 | NC_023576 | [21] |
CR8 | C. rodentium | sewage effluent | A | 39.7 | 49.7 | NC_023548 | [21] |
CVT22 | Citrobacter sp. | termite gut | A | 47.6 | 41.6 | NC_027988 | [51] |
phiCFP-1 | C. freundii | seawater | A | 38.6 | 50.3 | NC_028880 | N/A |
SH1 | C. freundii | seawater | A | 39.4 | 51 | NC_031066 | N/A |
SH2 | C. freundii | seawater | A | 39.2 | 50.7 | NC_031092 | N/A |
SH3 | C. freundii | seawater | A | 39.4 | 50.6 | NC_031123 | N/A |
SH4 | C. freundii | seawater | A | 39.3 | 52.6 | NC_031018 | N/A |
CrRp10 | C. rodentium | municipal wastewater | M | 171.5 | 35.5 | MG775043 | This study |
R18C | C. rodentium | rabbit feces | M | 31.8 | 51.6 | MN016939 | [20] |
IME-CF2 | C. freundii | hospital wastewater | M | 177.7 | 43.2 | NC_029013 | N/A |
Margaery | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 178.2 | 44.9 | NC_028755 | N/A |
Merlin | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 172.7 | 38.8 | NC_028857 | [52] |
Miller | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 178.2 | 43.1 | NC_025414 | [53] |
Moon | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 170.3 | 38.9 | NC_027331 | [54] |
Michonne | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 90.0 | 38.8 | NC_028247 | [55] |
Moogle | C. freundii | wastewater | M | 88.0 | 39 | NC_027293 | [56] |
CfP1 | C. freundii | sewage effluent | M | 180.2 | 43.1 | NC_031057 | N/A |
Stevie | C. freundii | soil | D | 49.8 | 42.8 | NC_027350 | [57] |
CrRp3 | CrRp10 | |
---|---|---|
Family | Autographiviridae | Myoviridae |
Adsorption constant 1 (mL−1 min−1) | k =3.50 × 10−10 (±3.2 × 10−10) | k =8.52 × 10−11 (±2.8 × 10−11) |
Latent period 2 | 15 (±2) min | 17 (±2) min |
Mean burst size | 43 (±22) PFU | 85 (±16) PFU |
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Mizuno, C.M.; Luong, T.; Cederstrom, R.; Krupovic, M.; Debarbieux, L.; Roach, D.R. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2020, 12, 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070737
Mizuno CM, Luong T, Cederstrom R, Krupovic M, Debarbieux L, Roach DR. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases. Viruses. 2020; 12(7):737. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070737
Chicago/Turabian StyleMizuno, Carolina M., Tiffany Luong, Robert Cederstrom, Mart Krupovic, Laurent Debarbieux, and Dwayne R. Roach. 2020. "Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases" Viruses 12, no. 7: 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070737