Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polyomavirus Life Cycle and Extracellular Vesicles Biogenesis
3. Polyomavirus Association with Extracellular Vesicles
4. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features and Markers | Extracellular Vesicles | |
---|---|---|
Exosomes | Microvesicles | |
Origin | endosome | Plasma membrane |
Size | 30–200 nm | 100–1000 nm |
Membrane markers | Tetraspanins: CD9, CD81 CD63, TSPAN6, TSPAN8, CD151, CD37, CD53, Flotilin 1 and 2 | Tetraspanins: CD9, CD63, CD81, CD82 |
Lipids | Phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, ceramide and other sphingolipids, LBPA | Phosphatidylserine, ceramide phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids |
Cell adhesion | Integrin, lactadherin, ICAM | Integrin, PECAM1, fibronectin |
Intracellular trafficking | Rab GTPases, annexins | Rab GTPases, annexins |
Cell type-specific protein | MHC-I, MHC-II, APP, PMEL, TCR, FasL, CXCR4, HSPG, CD86, PrP, TFR, WNT | MHC-I, MHC-II, APP, PMEL, TCR, FasL, CXCR4, HSPG, CD86, PrP, TFR, WNT LFA1, CD14 |
Cytoplasmic material (enzyme) | Peroxidases, pyruvate kinase, enolase, GAPDH | Tau, TDP43, GAPDH |
Signaling molecules | Protein kinases, catenin, 14-3-3, G proteins | For example, ARF6, RAB11, ROCK |
Biogenesis components | ALIX, TSG101, syntenin, ubiquitin, clathrin, VPS32, VPS4 | ALIX, TSG101, ERK, PLD, VPS4 |
Chaperones | HSP70, HSP90 | HSP70, HSP90 |
Cytoskeletal molecules | Not determined | Actin, tubulin |
Nucleic acids | MicroRNAs and other noncoding RNAs, mRNA, DNA (and histones) (associated to the outside of the EV or part of their cargo) | MicroRNAs and other noncoding RNAs, mRNA, DNA (and histones) (associated to the outside of the EV or part of their cargo) |
Polyomavirus | Biological Fluid | EV Extraction and Characterization Methods | EV Markers | PyV Markers | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies on EVs and MicroRNAs | |||||
JCPyV | COS-7 cell supernatant, KG-1 cell supernatant | Exosomes extraction kit; NTA and WB | CD63 | jcv-miR-J1-3p and -5p | [100] |
BKPyV | COS-7 cell supernatant, RPTEC supernatant | Exosomes extraction kit; NTA and WB | CD63, CD81, annexin II | bkv-miR-B1-3p and -5p | [102] |
JCPyV | Plasma Urine Saliva CSF | Exosomes extraction kit; NTA and WB | CD63, | jcv-miR-J1-3p and -5p | [103,104,105,106] |
BKPyV | Plasma Urine Saliva | Exosomes extraction kit | bkv-miR-B1-3p and -5p | [105,106] | |
MCPyV | Plasma Saliva | Exosomes extraction kit | mcv-miR-M1-5p | [106] | |
SV40 | Plasma Saliva | Exosomes extraction kit; | sv40-miR-S1-5p | [106] | |
Studies on EVs and whole viruses | |||||
JCPyV | SVG-A, CPE cell supernatant | Ultracentrifugation; NTA, Immunoelectron microscopy, WB | CD9, CD81, annexin V, flotillin-1, TSG101 | Whole-virus particle | [107,108,109] |
BKPyV | Vero supernatant RPTEC supernatant | Ultracentrifugation; Immunoelectron microscopy | CD9, CD63, CD81 | Whole-virus particle | [110] |
JCPyV | Plasma | Exosomes extraction kit; NTA and WB, Immunoelectron microscopy | CD63, CD81, annexin II | Viral DNA and Vp1 | [111] |
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Giannecchini, S. Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection. Viruses 2020, 12, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060585
Giannecchini S. Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection. Viruses. 2020; 12(6):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060585
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiannecchini, Simone. 2020. "Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection" Viruses 12, no. 6: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060585