Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Outbreak Investigation, PPRV Rapid Diagnostic Test, Sample Collection and Processing
2.3. Antibody Detection by cELISA
2.4. Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.5. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Outbreak Investigations
3.1.1. Wasso and the Olorien-Magaiduru Ward
Flock 1
Flock 3
Flock 4
Flock 9
3.1.2. Soitsambu and Ololosokwan Wards
Flock 5
Flock 6
Flock 17
Flock 2
3.1.3. Olbalbal Ward
Flock 19
3.1.4. Endulen and Kakesio Wards
Flock 26
Flock 29
3.2. Overview of Clinical Syndromes and Maa Disease Names
3.3. Comparison of PPRV-RDT and PPRV RT-qPCR Results
3.4. Molecular Sequencing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ward | Flock No. | Local Disease Name (Maa Language) | Species/Age Groups Affected | Clinical Signs | Flock Mortality (%) | Flock Morbidity † (%) | Diagnostic Test Results Number Positive (Number Tested) | Partial N Gene Sequence | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrexia | Lacrimation | Nasal Discharge | Sneezing | Coughing | Dyspnoea | Peri-Oral Lesions | Mouth Lesions | Salivation | Diarrhoea | PPRV-RDT | PPRV RT-qPCR | PPRV cELISA | BTV RT-qPCR | Capripox qPCR | |||||||
Olorien-Magaiduru | 1 | olodua | sheep and goats, all ages | X | X | X | X | X | - | X | X | - | X | 2.2 | 66.6 | 2 (3) | 4 (7) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 0 (4) | TANZANIAGoat3/2015, TANZANIAGoat4/2015 |
3 | olkipiei | sheep and goats, all ages | X | X | X | - | X | - | - | X | - | X | 1.5 | 60.0 | 2 (3) | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | -- | -- | TANZANIAGoat10/2015, TANZANIAGoat11/2015 | |
4 | olodua | goats | - | - | X | - | - | - | X | - | - | X | 3.0 | 5.5 | 1 (1) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
9 | oloirobi | sheep and goats (more sheep affected than goats) | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X | X | X | 9.1 | 15.9 | 0 (3) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (1) | ||
Soitsambu and Ololosokwan | 5 | olodua | adult sheep | - | - | X | - | - | X | X | X | X | - | 0.2 | 4.3 | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | -- | -- | TANZANIASheep14/2015 |
6 | olodua or olkipiei | sheep and goats, all ages | X | X | X | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | 2.0 | 14.0 | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | TANZANIASheep15/2015 | |
17 | none | sheep and goats | - | X | X | - | - | - | X | X | X | - | NA | NA | -- | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | -- | -- | ||
Olbalbal | 19 | olkipiei | Goats only, mainly young | X | - | X | - | - | X | X | X | - | X | 25.0 | 31.3 | 0 (2) | 1 (5) | 0 (2) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | |
Endulen | 26 | NA | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | NA | NA | -- | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | -- | -- | ||
Kakesio | 29 | enkorotik | - | X | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | 4.0 | 4.6 | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 3 (5) | -- | -- | ||
Total number positive (total number tested) | 8 (17) | 18 (33) | 11 (24) | 2 (7) | 0 (7) |
Variable | Category | Number of Animals with Clinical Signs (%) | Total Number of Animals | Univariable Analysis χ2 Test p Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Multivariable Logistic Regression Wald Test p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flock | 1 | 510 (66.58) | 766 | 0.282 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 0.95 |
3 | 39 (60.00) | 65 | ||||
Species | Goat | 211 (60.29) | 350 | 0.003 | 1.60 (1.17, 2.17) | 0.003 |
Sheep | 338 (70.27) | 481 | ||||
Age | >12 months | 273 (61.35) | 445 | 0.002 | 1.61 (1.20, 2.16) | 0.001 |
<12 months | 276 (71.50) | 386 |
Diagnostic Test | PPRV RT-qPCR | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Test Result | Positive | Negative | ||
PPRV rapid detection test (RDT) | Positive | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Negative | 5 | 4 | 9 | |
Total | 11 | 4 | 15 |
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Jones, B.A.; Mahapatra, M.; Chubwa, C.; Clarke, B.; Batten, C.; Hicks, H.; Henstock, M.; Keyyu, J.; Kock, R.; Parida, S. Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses 2020, 12, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040389
Jones BA, Mahapatra M, Chubwa C, Clarke B, Batten C, Hicks H, Henstock M, Keyyu J, Kock R, Parida S. Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses. 2020; 12(4):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040389
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Bryony Anne, Mana Mahapatra, Chobi Chubwa, Brian Clarke, Carrie Batten, Hayley Hicks, Mark Henstock, Julius Keyyu, Richard Kock, and Satya Parida. 2020. "Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection" Viruses 12, no. 4: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040389