Figure 1.
Timeline of SARS (a) and COVID-19 (b) epidemic development.
Figure 2.
(a) Comparison of the number of SARS and COVID-19 patients in China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) and other countries; (b) the number of SARS patients in different provinces of China; (c) an increased number of COVID-19 patients over time was showed in a histogram. On Feb. 11th, Hubei Province had added a “clinical diagnosis case” classification, and identified suspected cases with pneumonia imaging features as clinical diagnosis cases so that patients can receive standardized treatment as soon as possible. (d) The number of COVID-19 patients in different provinces of China. The time period shown in the picture was in the Spring Festival transportation.
Figure 3.
The distribution of COVID-2019 patients in China (a) and Hubei Province (b). XJ, Xinjiang; XZ, Xizang; GS, Gansu; QH, Qinghai; SC, Sichuan; YN, Yunnan; IM, Inner Mongolia; NX, Ningxia; SN, Shaanxi; CQ, Chongqing; GZ, Guizhou; GX, Guangxi; HI, Hainan; SX, Shanxi, HA, Henan; HB, Hubei; HN, Hunan; GD, Guangdong; HK, Hong Kong; HE, Hebei; BJ, Beijing; TJ, Tianjin; SD, Shandong; AH, Anhui; JX, Jiangxi; JS, Jiangsu; SH, Shanghai; ZJ, Zhejiang; FJ, Fujian; TW, Taiwan; HL, Heilongjiang; JL, Jilin; LN, Liaoning.
Figure 3.
The distribution of COVID-2019 patients in China (a) and Hubei Province (b). XJ, Xinjiang; XZ, Xizang; GS, Gansu; QH, Qinghai; SC, Sichuan; YN, Yunnan; IM, Inner Mongolia; NX, Ningxia; SN, Shaanxi; CQ, Chongqing; GZ, Guizhou; GX, Guangxi; HI, Hainan; SX, Shanxi, HA, Henan; HB, Hubei; HN, Hunan; GD, Guangdong; HK, Hong Kong; HE, Hebei; BJ, Beijing; TJ, Tianjin; SD, Shandong; AH, Anhui; JX, Jiangxi; JS, Jiangsu; SH, Shanghai; ZJ, Zhejiang; FJ, Fujian; TW, Taiwan; HL, Heilongjiang; JL, Jilin; LN, Liaoning.
Figure 4.
(a) Genomic sequence alignment between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV; (b) Dot plot matrix calculated for the complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.
Table 1.
Comparison of SARS and COVID-19.
Items | SARS | COVID-19 |
---|
First occurrence | Nov. 16th, 2002 in Foshan, Guangdong | Dec. 07th, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei |
Pathogen | SARS-CoV | SARS-CoV-2 |
Intermediate host | Paguma larvata | Pangolin, Mink (Possible) |
Definitive host | Rhinolophus sinicus | Rhinolophus affinis (Possible) |
Virus type | RNA virus | RNA virus |
Species pathogen | β-coronavirus | β-coronavirus |
Total DNA sequence length of pathogen | 29,751 | 29,903 |
Latency | 1–4 days on average | 3–7 days on average |
Susceptible people | Young adults | People who have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 |
Male–female patient ratio | 1:1.25 | 2.70:1 |
Mortality | 9.60% | 2.10% |
Clinical symptoms | Fever, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea | Fever, fatigue, and dry cough |
Propagation mode | Droplets or close contacts | Droplets or close contacts |
Major regional distribution | Beijing, Guangdong, Shanxi in China | Hubei, especially Wuhan in China |
Diagnostic methods | RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit | RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit |
Treatment | Glucocorticoid and interferon | Lopinavir/ritonavir (in testing) |
Table 2.
Comparison of protein sequences SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by Blastp.
| SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV |
---|
| Protein Name | Accession Number | Putative Function/Domain | Accession Number | Query Cover * | Percent Identity |
---|
1 | nsp2 | YP_009725298.1 | nonstructural polyprotein pp1a | ABF65834.1 | 100% | 68.34% |
2 | nsp3 | YP_009725299.1 | polyprotein orf1a | AFR58698.1 | 100% | 75.82% |
3 | nsp4 | YP_009725300.1 | polyprotein 1a | ARO76381.1 | 100% | 80.80% |
4 | nsp6 | YP_009725302.1 | nsp6-pp1a/pp1ab (TM3) | NP_828864.1 | 98% | 88.15% |
5 | nsp7 | YP_009725303.1 | Chain A, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Light Chain | 2AHM_A | 100% | 98.80% |
6 | nsp8 | YP_009725304.1 | Chain E, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Heavy Chain | 2AHM_E | 100% | 97.47% |
7 | nsp9 | YP_009725305.1 | nsp9-pp1a/pp1ab | NP_828867.1 | 100% | 97.35% |
8 | nsp10 | YP_009725306.1 | Chain A, Non-structural Protein 10 | 5C8S_A | 100% | 97.12% |
9 | nsp11 | YP_009725312.1 | nsp11-pp1a | NP_904321.1 | 100% | 84.62% |
10 | orf1a polyprotein | YP_009725295.1 | orf1a polyprotein (pp1a) | NP_828850.1 | 100% | 80.58% |
11 | orf1ab polyprotein | YP_009724389.1 | orf1ab polyprotein (pp1ab) | NP_828849.2 | 100% | 86.26% |
12 | orf3a protein | YP_009724391.1 | hypothetical protein sars3a | NP_828852.2 | 100% | 72.04% |
13 | orf6 protein | YP_009724394.1 | hypothetical protein sars6 | NP_828856.1 | 100% | 68.85% |
14 | orf7a protein | YP_009724395.1 | protein 8 | ARO76387.1 | 100% | 87.70% |
15 | orf7b protein | YP_009725296.1 | hypothetical protein sars7b | NP_849175.1 | 95% | 85.37% |
16 | orf8 protein | YP_009724396.1 | - | - | - | - |
17 | orf10 protein | YP_009725255.1 | - | - | - | - |
18 | 2’-O-ribose methyltransferase | YP_009725311.1 | nsp16-pp1ab (2’-o-MT) | NP_828873.2 | 99% | 93.60% |
19 | 3C-like proteinase | YP_009725301.1 | polyprotein 1a | ARO76381.1 | 100% | 96.08% |
20 | 3’-to-5’ exonuclease | YP_009725309.1 | nsp14-pp1ab (nuclease ExoN homolog) | NP_828871.1 | 100% | 95.07% |
21 | endoRNAse | YP_009725310.1 | nsp15-pp1ab (endoRNAse) | NP_828872.1 | 100% | 88.73% |
22 | envelope protein | YP_009724392.1 | E protein | APO40581.1 | 100% | 94.74% |
23 | helicase | YP_009725308.1 | nsp13-pp1ab (ZD, NTPase/HEL) | NP_828870.1 | 100% | 99.83% |
24 | leader protein | YP_009725297.1 | nsp1-pp1a/pp1ab | NP_828860.2 | 100% | 84.44% |
25 | membrane glycoprotein | YP_009724393.1 | matrix protein | NP_828855.1 | 100% | 90.54% |
26 | nucleocapsid phosphoprotein | YP_009724397.2 | nucleocapsid protein | ARO76389.1 | 100% | 90.52% |
27 | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | YP_009725307.1 | nsp12-pp1ab (RdRp) | NP_828869.1 | 100% | 96.35% |
28 | surface glycoprotein | YP_009724390.1 | spike glycoprotein | ABD72985.1 | 100% | 76.42% |
Table 3.
Proposed questions to study SARS-CoV-2 for future studies.
What is the effect of the surface epitope and receptor binding domain of S protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the virus’ infectivity? |
Is there any effect of SARS-CoV vaccine designed according to S protein on SARS-CoV-2? |
Does SARS-CoV-2 orf8 and orf10 proteins, which have no homology proteins in SARS-CoV, play roles in the infectivity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2? |
Can the susceptibility of asymptomatic carriers be judged by detecting the serum reactivity level of N protein? |
Apart from droplet transmission and contact transmission, are there other methods to transmit SARS-CoV-2? |
What is the percentage of COVID-19 patients have been infected with SARS and produced antibodies? |
Is there an effective specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 solution? |
Does traditional Chinese medicine have any effect on the treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2? |
Do ethnic differences affect the transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2? |
Do any environmental factors, such as regional conditions or climate, affect SARS-CoV-2 transmission? |