The Heat Shock Response in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) is Antiviral
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Bees
2.2. dsRNA Preparation
2.3. Virus Infection and Heat Shock Protocol
2.4. RNA Isolation
2.5. Reverse Transcription/cDNA Synthesis
2.6. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.7. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Heat Treatment Reduces Viral Abundance in Adult Bees
3.2. Virus Infection and Heat Shock Induce the Expression of Heat Shock Protein Encoding Genes
3.3. Impact of Heat Shock on Expression of Honey Bee Antiviral Defense Genes
3.4. Honey Bee Immune Gene and Heat Shock Protein Gene Expression Positively Correlate
3.5. Increased Expression of Heat Shock Protein Encoding Genes Post Virus Infection Is Not Completely Recapitulated by dsRNA-Treatment
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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McMenamin, A.J.; Daughenbaugh, K.F.; Flenniken, M.L. The Heat Shock Response in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) is Antiviral. Viruses 2020, 12, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020245
McMenamin AJ, Daughenbaugh KF, Flenniken ML. The Heat Shock Response in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) is Antiviral. Viruses. 2020; 12(2):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020245
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcMenamin, Alexander J., Katie F. Daughenbaugh, and Michelle L. Flenniken. 2020. "The Heat Shock Response in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) is Antiviral" Viruses 12, no. 2: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020245
APA StyleMcMenamin, A. J., Daughenbaugh, K. F., & Flenniken, M. L. (2020). The Heat Shock Response in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) is Antiviral. Viruses, 12(2), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020245