Hantaviridae: Current Classification and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Species are usually found in unique ecological niches, i.e., in different primary rodent/insectivore reservoir species. Species exhibit at least 7% difference in aa identity on comparison of the complete glycoprotein precursor and nucleocapsid protein sequences (there are some exceptions presumably caused by historically recent host-switching events). Species show at least four-fold difference in two-way cross neutralization tests. Species do not naturally form reassortants with other species”.[17]
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. DEmARC Analysis for Hantaviridae
2.2. Phylogenetic Inference for the Bunyavirales
3. Results
3.1. Change of Demarcation Criteria
3.2. Addition of New Taxa to Hantaviridae
3.3. Abolishment of Hantavirid Taxa and Declassification of Hantavirids
- Amga orthohantavirus: This species was abolished based upon insufficient differentiation from another species in DEmARC analysis. Amga orthohantavirus was established in 2017 for Amga virus (MGAV), which was discovered and sequenced in 2013 [38]. Since then, the coding-complete sequence of the S, M, and L genomic segment of Seewis virus (SWSV), detected in a Eurasian common shrew in 2007 [34], became available. DEmARC analysis demonstrated that Amga virus and Seewis virus belong to the same orthohantavirus species. Based upon the earlier discovery of Seewis virus, the species for both viruses became Seewis orthohantavirus in 2019 (Table 2) [32];
- Isla vista hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon incomplete sequence data for the species member, Isla Vista virus (ISLAV) [73]. Only 1 complete S segment sequence, a partial M sequence, and no L segment sequences are available at this time. Our analyses using the incomplete data suggest that ISLAV represents a novel orthohantavirus species;
- Muleshoe hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon incomplete sequence data for the species members, Muleshoe virus (MULV) [74]. Only 1 complete S segment sequence is available at this time;
- New York hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon insufficient differentiation from another species in DEmARC analysis. The species member, New York virus (NYV), is highly similar to Sin Nombre virus (SNV, Sin Nombre orthohantavirus) in nucleoprotein and glycoprotein amino acid sequence comparisons, indicating that NYV is a SNV variant even though NYV and SNV can be distinguished by seroneutralization [75];
- Rio Mamore hantavirus: This species was omitted in 2017 based upon insufficient differentiation from another species in DEmARC analysis. The species member, Rio Mamoré virus (RIOMV) [76] is highly similar to Laguna Negra virus (LANV; Laguna Negra orthohantavirus) in DEmARC analysis and is now considered a LANV variant;
- Rio Segundo hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon incomplete sequence data for the species member, Río Segundo virus (RIOSV) [77]. Only 1 complete S segment sequence is available;
- Saaremaa hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon insufficient differentiation from another species in DEmARC analysis. The species member, Saaremaa virus (SAAV) [78], should be considered a member of the species Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus; and
- Topografov hantavirus: This species was abolished in 2017 based upon insufficient differentiation from another species in DEmARC analysis. The species member, Topografov virus (TOPV) [79], is highly similar to Khabarovsk virus (KHAV) and, based upon the DEmARC analysis, should be considered as a KHAV variant.
3.4. Creation of Subfamilies and Genera within Hantaviridae
3.5. Etymology of Taxa included in Hantaviridae
- Actantavirinae: derived from genus name Actinovirus, family name Hantaviridae, and subfamily suffix -virinae;
- Agantavirinae: derived from genus name Agnathovirus, family name Hantaviridae, and subfamily suffix -virinae;
- Mammantavirinae: derived from host class name Mammalia, family name Hantaviridae, and subfamily suffix -virinae;
- Repantavirinae: derived from genus name Reptillovirus, family name Hantaviridae, and subfamily suffix -virinae.
- Actinovirus: derived from host class Actinopterygii and genus suffix -virus;
- Agnathovirus: derived from host superclass Agnatha and genus suffix -virus;
- Loanvirus: derived from Lóngquán virus and genus suffix -virus;
- Mobatvirus: derived from mole and bat hosts and genus suffix -virus;
- Orthohantavirus: derived from Greek ὀρθός [orthós], meaning “straight,” historical genus Hantavirus, and genus suffix -virus;
- Thottimvirus: derived from Thottapalayam virus, Imjin virus, and genus suffix -virus;
- Reptillovirus: derived from host class Reptilia and genus suffix -virus.
3.6. Megataxonomy of Hantaviridae
3.7. Etymology of Megataxa Relating to Hantaviridae
- Riboviria: derived from ribonucleic acid and realm suffix -viria;
- Negarnaviricota: derived from the Latin Nega, meaning “negative” RNA, and phylum suffix -viricota;
- Polyploviricotina: derived from Ancient Greek πολύπλοκος [polýplokos] for “complex” and subphylum suffix -viricotina;
- Ellioviricetes: derived from Richard Elliott, the late pioneer of bunyaviral molecular virology, and class suffix -viricetes;
- Bunyavirales: derived from Bunyamwera virus and order suffix -virales.
4. Future Taxonomic Perspectives
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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New Hantavirid Species | Hantavirid | Hantavirid Abbreviation | Reference (s) | Isolate Used for Analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amga orthohantavirus1 | Amga virus | MGAV | [38,53] | AH301 |
Asama orthohantavirus | Asama virus | ASAV | [33] | N10 |
Asikkala orthohantavirus | Asikkala virus | ASIV | [54] | CZ/Beskydy/412/2010/Sm |
Bowe orthohantavirus | Bowé virus | BOWV | [55] | VN1512 |
Bruges orthohantavirus | Bruges virus | BRGV | [44] | BE/Vieux-Genappe/TE/2013/1 |
Cao Bang orthohantavirus | Cao Bằng virus | CBNV | [56] | 3 |
Choclo orthohantavirus | Choclo virus | CHOV | [57] | MSB96073 |
Dabieshan orthohantavirus | Dàbiéshān virus | DBSV | [58] | Yǒngjiā-Nc-58 |
Fugong orthohantavirus | Fúgòng virus | FUGV | [59] | FG10 |
Fusong orthohantavirus | Fǔsōng virus | FUSV | [60] | Fǔsōng-Mf-682 |
Imjin thottimvirus2 | Imjin virus | MJNV | [61] | Cíxī-Cl-23 |
Jeju orthohantavirus | Jeju virus | JJUV | [62] | 10-11 |
Kenkeme orthohantavirus | Kenkeme virus | KKMV | [63] | Fǔyuǎn-Sr-326 |
Laibin mobatvirus2 | Láibīn virus | LAIV | [64] | BT20 |
Longquan loanvirus2 | Lóngquán virus | LQUV | [43] | Lóngquán-Rs-32 |
Luxi orthohantavirus | Lúxī virus | LUXV | [65] | LX309 |
Maporal orthohantavirus | Maporal virus | MAPV | [66] | HV-97021050 |
Montano orthohantavirus | Montaño virus | MTNV | [67] | 104/2006 |
Necocli orthohantavirus | Necoclí virus | NECV | [68] | HV-O0020002 |
Nova mobatvirus2 | Nova virus | NVAV | [69] | 3483 (Te34) |
Oxbow orthohantavirus | Oxbow virus | OXBV | [70] | Ng1453 |
Quezon mobatvirus2 | Quezon virus | QZNV | [33] | MT1720/1657 |
Rockport orthohantavirus | Rockport virus | RKPV | [71] | MSB57412 |
Yakeshi orthohantavirus | Yákèshí virus | YKSV | [60] | Yákèshí-Si-210 |
New Hantavirid Species | Hantavirid | Hantavirid Abbreviation | Reference | Isolate Used for Analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hagfish agnathovirus | Wēnlǐng hagfish virus | WEHV | [7] | DHMMS23081 |
Batfish actinovirus | Wēnlǐng minipizza batfish virus | WEMBV | [7] | XQTMS16810 |
Spikefish actinovirus | Wēnlǐng red spikefish virus | WERSV | [7] | XTXMS70955 |
Goosefish actinovirus | Wēnlǐng yellow goosefish virus | WEYGV | [7] | XQTMS34106 |
Seewis orthohantavirus | Seewis virus | SWSV | [34] | EWS25 |
Tigray orthohantavirus | Tigray virus | TIGV | [72] | ET2121 |
Gecko reptillovirus | Hǎinán oriental leaf-toed gecko virus | HOLGV | [7] | LPXYC213122 |
Subfamily | Genus | Number of Genus-Included Species | Number of Genus-Assigned Viruses | Host (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Actantavirinae | Actinovirus | 3 | 3 | Ray-finned fish |
Agantavirinae | Agnathovirus | 1 | 1 | Jawless fish |
Mammantavirinae | Loanvirus | 1 | 1 | Bats |
Mobatvirus | 3 | 3 | Bats or moles | |
Orthohantavirus | 36 | 58 | Rodents or shrews | |
Thottimvirus | 2 | 2 | Shrews | |
Repantavirinae | Reptillovirus | 1 | 1 | Reptiles |
Taxonomic Rank | Taxon |
---|---|
Realm Kingdom Phylum | Riboviria Unassigned Negarnaviricota |
Subphylum | Polyploviricotina |
Class | Ellioviricetes |
Order | Bunyavirales |
Subfamily | Genus | Species | Virus (Abbreviation) |
---|---|---|---|
Actantavirinae | Actinovirus | Batfish actinovirus * | Wēnlǐng minipizza batfish virus (WEMBV) |
Goosefish actinovirus | Wēnlǐng yellow goosefish virus (WEYGV) | ||
Spikefish actinovirus | Wēnlǐng red spikefish virus (WERSV) | ||
Agantavirinae | Agnathovirus | Hagfish agnathovirus * | Wēnlǐng hagfish virus (WEHV) |
Mammantavirinae | Loanvirus | Longquan loanvirus * | Lóngquán virus (LQUV) |
Mobatvirus | Laibin mobatvirus | Láibīn virus (LAIV) | |
Nova mobatvirus * | Nova virus (NVAV) | ||
Quezon mobatvirus | Quezon virus (QZNV) | ||
Orthohantavirus | Andes orthohantavirus | Andes virus (ANDV) | |
Castelo dos Sonhos virus (CASV) | |||
Lechiguanas virus (LECV = LECHV) | |||
Orán virus (ORNV) | |||
Asama orthohantavirus | Asama virus (ASAV) | ||
Asikkala orthohantavirus | Asikkala virus (ASIV) | ||
Bayou orthohantavirus | bayou virus (BAYV) | ||
Catacamas virus (CATV) | |||
Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus | Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV) | ||
Bowe orthohantavirus | Bowé virus (BOWV) | ||
Bruges orthohantavirus | Bruges virus (BRGV) | ||
Cano Delgadito orthohantavirus | Caño Delgadito virus (CADV) | ||
Cao Bang orthohantavirus | Cao Bằng virus (CBNV) | ||
Liánghé virus (LHEV) | |||
Choclo orthohantavirus | Choclo virus (CHOV) | ||
Dabieshan orthohantavirus | Dàbiéshān virus (DBSV) | ||
Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus | Dobrava virus (DOBV) | ||
Kurkino virus (KURV) | |||
Saaremaa virus (SAAV) | |||
Sochi virus (SOCV) | |||
El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus | Carrizal virus (CARV) | ||
El Moro Canyon virus (ELMCV) | |||
Huitzilac virus (HUIV) | |||
Fugong orthohantavirus | Fúgòng virus (FUGV) | ||
Fusong orthohantavirus | Fǔsōng virus (FUSV) | ||
Hantaan orthohantavirus * | Amur virus (AMRV) | ||
Hantaan virus (HTNV) | |||
Soochong virus (SOOV) | |||
Jeju orthohantavirus | Jeju virus (JJUV) | ||
Kenkeme orthohantavirus | Kenkeme virus (KKMV) | ||
Khabarovsk orthohantavirus | Khabarovsk virus (KHAV) | ||
Topografov virus (TOPV) | |||
Laguna Negra orthohantavirus | Laguna Negra virus (LANV) | ||
Maripa virus (MARV) | |||
Rio Mamoré virus (RIOMV) | |||
Luxi orthohantavirus | Lúxī virus (LUXV) | ||
Maporal orthohantavirus | Maporal virus (MAPV) | ||
Montano orthohantavirus | Montaño virus (MTNV) | ||
Necocli orthohantavirus | Necoclí virus (NECV) | ||
Oxbow orthohantavirus | Oxbow virus (OXBV) | ||
Prospect Hill orthohantavirus | Prospect Hill virus (PHV) | ||
Puumala orthohantavirus | Hokkaido virus (HOKV) | ||
Muju virus (MUJV) | |||
Puumala virus (PUUV) | |||
Rockport orthohantavirus | Rockport virus (RKPV) | ||
Sangassou orthohantavirus | Sangassou virus (SANGV) | ||
Seewis orthohantavirus | Seewis virus (SWSV) | ||
Seoul orthohantavirus | gōu virus (GOUV) | ||
Seoul virus (SEOV) | |||
Sin Nombre orthohantavirus | New York virus (NYV) | ||
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) | |||
Thailand orthohantavirus | Anjozorobe virus (ANJZV) | ||
Serang virus (SERV) | |||
Thailand virus (THAIV) | |||
Tigray orthohantavirus | Tigray virus (TIGV) | ||
Tula orthohantavirus | Adler virus (ADLV) | ||
Tula virus (TULV) | |||
Yakeshi orthohantavirus | Yákèshí virus (YKSV) | ||
Thottimvirus | Imjin thottimvirus | Imjin virus (MJNV) | |
Thottapalayam thottimvirus * | Thottapalayam virus (TPMV) | ||
Repantavirinae | Reptillovirus | Gecko reptillovirus * | Hǎinán oriental leaf-toed gecko virus (HOLGV) |
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Laenen, L.; Vergote, V.; Calisher, C.H.; Klempa, B.; Klingström, J.; Kuhn, J.H.; Maes, P. Hantaviridae: Current Classification and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2019, 11, 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090788
Laenen L, Vergote V, Calisher CH, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kuhn JH, Maes P. Hantaviridae: Current Classification and Future Perspectives. Viruses. 2019; 11(9):788. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090788
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaenen, Lies, Valentijn Vergote, Charles H. Calisher, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Jens H. Kuhn, and Piet Maes. 2019. "Hantaviridae: Current Classification and Future Perspectives" Viruses 11, no. 9: 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090788