Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Invertebrate and Vertebrate Animal Hosts
2.1. Invetebrate Vectors
2.2. Vertebrate Animal Hosts Spectrum
3. CHIKV Cellular Receptors
4. Human Infection
4.1. Stages and Clinical Signs of Chikungunya Infection
4.2. Host Pathogen Interaction
4.3. Cellular and Tissue Tropism in Human Infections
4.3.1. Infection of Skin and Blood Cells
4.3.2. Infection of Muscle, Joint, and Bone
4.3.3. Infection of the Nervous System
4.3.4. Infection of other Target Organs
4.3.5. Target Organs upon Non-Arthropod-Borne Transmission
4.4. Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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World Region | Species | Common Name | Method of Detection | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
NHPs: | ||||
Africa | Cercopithecus aethiops | Vervet monkey | Isolation and specific antibodies | [27,28,31] |
Cercopithecus mitis | Blue monkey | Specific antibodies | [67] | |
Cercopithecus ascanius | Red tailed monkey | Specific antibodies | [67,71] | |
Galago senegalensis | Senegal bushbaby | Isolation and specific antibodies | [27,31] | |
Papio papio | Guinea baboon | Isolation and specific antibodies | [27,66] | |
Papio cynocephalus | Yellow baboon | Specific antibodies | [67] | |
Papio ursinus | Cape baboon | Specific antibodies | [28,82] | |
Erythrocebus patas | Patas monkey | Isolation and specific antibodies | [27,66] | |
Chlorocebus sabaeus | African green monkey | Isolation and specific antibodies | [27,66] | |
Mandrillus sphinx | Mandrill | Specific antibodies | [70] | |
Indian Ocean | Eulemur fulvus | Brown lemur | Specific antibodies | [69] |
Indian Ocean and Asia | Macaca fascicularis | Crab eating macaque | Isolation and specific antibodies | [74,77,78] |
Asia | Macaca nemestrina | Pig tailed macaque | Specific antibodies | [75] |
South America | Ateles marginatus | Spider monkey | Specific antibodies | [79] |
Callithrix jacchus | Common marmoset | Specific antibodies | [79] | |
Sapajus xanthosternos | Golden-bellied capuchin | Specific antibodies | [79] | |
Sapajus robustu | Crested capuchin | Specific antibodies | [79] | |
Sapajus flavius | Capuchin monkey | Specific antibodies | [79] | |
Mammals: | ||||
Africa | Xerus erythropus | Palm squirrel | Isolation | [31] |
Rattus rattus | Ship rat | Specific antibodies | [69] | |
Scotophillus species | Bat | Isolation | [31] | |
Syncerus caffer nanus | Buffalo | Specific antibodies | [70] | |
Loxodonta africana | Elephant | Specific antibodies | [70] |
Specimen | Tested | Positive |
---|---|---|
Saliva | 5 | 1 |
Urine | 9 | 1 |
Ocular swabs | 2 | 0 |
CVF | 4 | 1 |
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Matusali, G.; Colavita, F.; Bordi, L.; Lalle, E.; Ippolito, G.; Capobianchi, M.R.; Castilletti, C. Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019, 11, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020175
Matusali G, Colavita F, Bordi L, Lalle E, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C. Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses. 2019; 11(2):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020175
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatusali, Giulia, Francesca Colavita, Licia Bordi, Eleonora Lalle, Giuseppe Ippolito, Maria R. Capobianchi, and Concetta Castilletti. 2019. "Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus" Viruses 11, no. 2: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020175