Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Tissue Processing
2.1.1. Liver Study (Groups 1.1–1.3)
2.1.2. Heart Study (Groups 2.1–2.3)
2.2. Assessment of Cytokine Transcription
2.2.1. Reverse Transcription and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) for Feline Cytokines
2.2.2. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM)
2.2.3. Relative Quantification of Cytokine Transcripts and Statistical Analysis
2.3. Assessment of Cytokine Protein Expression
2.3.1. Antibodies Specific for Feline Cytokines
2.3.2. Immunohistology for Feline Cytokines
3. Results
3.1. Inflammatory Cytokine Transcription in the Liver
3.2. Hepatocytes Are a Source of Inflammatory Cytokines in FIP
3.3. Inflammatory Cytokine Transcription in the Heart
3.4. Cardiomyocytes Themselves Contribute to Cytokine Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cat | Group | Signalment | Lesion Distribution | Presence of Effusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.1a | 6 m, MN, DSH | Peritoneum | Y |
2 | 1.1a | 6 m, FE, DSH | Peritoneum | Y |
3 | 1.1a | 1.5 y, FN, DLH | Kidney, lung | Y |
4 | 1.1a | 5 m, ME, DSH | Kidney, eye, brain | N |
5 | 1.1a | Juvenile, FE, BSH | Kidneys, liver, spleen, lung, CNS | N |
6 | 1.1a | Juvenile, MN, DSH | Liver, spleen, lungs, peritoneum, pleura | N |
7 | 1.1a | 8 m, MN, Burmese | Lung, kidney, brain, eye | N |
8 | 1.1a | 1 y, FN, DSH | Lung, brain | N |
9 | 1.1a | 2 y, MN, DSH | Lung, kidney, liver, peritoneum | N |
10 | 1.1a | 2 y, FE, DSH | NR | NR |
11 | 1.1a | 3 y, FN, DLH | NR | NR |
12 | 1.1a | 4 y, MN, DSH | NR | NR |
13 | 1.1b | 14–16 w, FE, DSH | Heart, lungs, spleen | N |
14 | 1.1b | 14–16 w, FE, DSH | Peritoneum, liver, kidney, omentum, spleen | Y |
15 | 1.1b | 14–16 w, FE, DSH | Peritoneum, liver, kidney, omentum, spleen | Y |
16 | 1.1b | 14–16 w, FE, DSH | Peritoneum, liver, omentum, spleen | Y |
Cat | Group | Signalment | Lesion Distribution */Disease † | Presence of Effusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.1 | 4 m, ME, Birman | Pleuritis, peritonitis, med ln | Y |
2 | 2.1 | 7 m, ME, Devon Rex | Peritoneum, mes ln | Y |
3 | 2.1 | 7 m, MN, BSH | Peritoneum, lung, liver, kidney, mes ln | Y |
4 | 2.1 | 9 m, FN, DSH | Peritoneum, liver, mes ln, kidney | Y |
5 | 2.1 | 1 y, MN, BSH | Pleura, liver, kidney, lung, mes ln | Y |
6 | 2.1 | 11 m, ME, Birman | Pleura, peritoneum, liver, mes ln | Y |
7 | 2.1 | 11 m, FN, Ragdoll | Peritoneum, intestinal wall, mes ln | Y |
8 | 2.1 | 1 y, FN, DSH | Pleura, peritoneum, leptomeninx, lung, liver, kidneys | Y |
9 | 2.1 | 1 y, MN, DLH | Peritoneum, liver, spleen, mes ln | Y |
10 | 2.1 | 1 y, MN, Birman | Kidney, colon (BALT), liver, ln | Y |
11 | 2.1 | 2 y, MN, DSH | Peritoneum, mes ln | Y |
12 | 2.1 | 2 y, ME, British Blue | Widespread visceral lesions | Y |
13 | 2.1 | 3 y, MN, Siamese | Pleuritis, peritoneum | Y |
14 | 2.1 | 3 y, ME, Birman | Pleura | Y |
15 | 2.1 | 4 m, ME, DSH | Liver, kidney, mes ln | N |
16 | 2.1 | 8 m, MN, Ragdoll | Kidney, liver | N |
17 | 2.1 | 9 m, ME, Birman | Brain | N |
18 | 2.1 | 1 y, FN, DLH | NR | NR |
19 | 2.2a | 2 y, FN, DSH | Nasal polyp | |
20 | 2.2a | 2 y, FN, DSH | Oesophageal stricture | |
21 | 2.2a | 3 y, FN, DSH | Vertebral disc prolapse | |
22 | 2.2a | 3 y, MN, DLH | Lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis | |
23 | 2.2b | 9 y, FN, DSH | Unknown, no lesions | |
24 | 2.2b | 10 y, FN, DLH | Behavioural | |
25 | 2.2b | 10 y, FN, DSH | Behavioural | |
26 | 2.2b | 14 y, ME, DSH | Age-related | |
27 | 2.2b | 14 y, FN, DSH | Nasal osteosarcoma | |
28 | 2.2b | 19 y, FN, DSH | Gastrointestinal stromal tumour | |
29 | 2.3 | 5 y, FN, Oriental Shorthair | Chlamydial infection | |
30 | 2.3 | 5 y, MN, Oriental Shorthair | Chlamydial infection | |
31 | 2.3 | 11 y, FN, DLH | Septic peritonitis |
p Values for Each Cytokine; * = Significant at 95% CI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group Comparison | IL-1β | IL-6 | IL-10 | IL-12p40 | TNF-α |
1.1a vs. 1.1b | 0.103 | 0.770 | 0.170 | 0.133 | 0.078 |
1.1 vs. 1.2 | 0.002 * | 0.001 * | 0.034 * | 0.001 * | 0.017 * |
1.1a vs. 1.2 | 0.000 * | 0.003 * | 0.031 * | 0.002 * | 0.004 * |
1.1b vs.1. 2 | 0.721 | 0.012 * | 0.382 | 0.061 | 0.878 |
1.1 eff vs. 1.1 no eff | 0.628 | 0.035 * | 1.000 | 0.836 | 0.234 |
1.1 eff vs. 1.2 | 0.274 | 0.020 * | 0.312 | 0.009 * | 0.494 |
1.1 no eff vs. 1.2 | 0.003 * | 0.025 * | 0.224 | 0.067 | 0.046 * |
p Values for Each Cytokine; * = Significant at 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|
Group Comparison | IL-1β | IL-6 | TNF-α |
2.1 vs. 2.2 | 0.008 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * |
2.1 vs. 2.2a | 0.165 | 0.122 | 0.000 * |
2.1 vs. 2.2b | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * |
2.1 vs. 2.3 | 0.474 | 0.355 | 0.614 |
2.1 eff vs. 2.1 no eff | 0.256 | 0.885 | 0.155 |
2.1 eff vs. 2.2 | 0.001 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * |
2.1 eff vs. 2.2a | 0.410 | 0.093 | 0.000 * |
2.1 eff vs. 2.2b | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * |
2.1 eff vs. 2.3 | 0.886 | 0.255 | 0.437 |
2.1 no eff vs. 2.2 | 0.331 | 0.018 * | 0.001 * |
2.1 no eff vs. 2.2a | 0.159 | 0.332 | 0.025 * |
2.1 no eff vs. 2.2b | 0.013 * | 0.002 * | 0.000 * |
2.1 no eff vs. 2.3 | 0.217 | 0.529 | 0.894 |
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Malbon, A.J.; Fonfara, S.; Meli, M.L.; Hahn, S.; Egberink, H.; Kipar, A. Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019, 11, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121144
Malbon AJ, Fonfara S, Meli ML, Hahn S, Egberink H, Kipar A. Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2019; 11(12):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121144
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalbon, Alexandra J, Sonja Fonfara, Marina L Meli, Shelley Hahn, Herman Egberink, and Anja Kipar. 2019. "Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis" Viruses 11, no. 12: 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121144