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Volume 11
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10.3390/v11100972
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Article

The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism

by
Jinlong Cheng
,
Ye Zhao
,
Gang Xu
,
Keran Zhang
,
Wenfeng Jia
,
Yali Sun
,
Jing Zhao
,
Jia Xue
,
Yanxin Hu
and
Guozhong Zhang
*
Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2019, 11(10), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100972
Submission received: 2 September 2019 / Revised: 17 October 2019 / Accepted: 21 October 2019 / Published: 22 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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Abstract

Some coronaviruses (CoVs) have an extra furin cleavage site (RRKR/S, furin-S2′ site) upstream of the fusion peptide in the spike protein, which plays roles in virion adsorption and fusion. Mutation of the S2′ site of QX genotype (QX-type) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike protein (S) in a recombinant virus background results in higher pathogenicity, pronounced neural symptoms and neurotropism when compared with conditions in wild-type IBV (WT-IBV) infected chickens. In this study, we present evidence suggesting that recombinant IBV with a mutant S2′ site (furin-S2′ site) leads to higher mortality. Infection with mutant IBV induces severe encephalitis and breaks the blood–brain barrier. The results of a neutralization test and immunoprotection experiment show that an original serum and vaccine can still provide effective protection in vivo and in vitro. This is the first demonstration of IBV-induced neural symptoms in chickens with encephalitis and the furin-S2′ site as a determinant of neurotropism.
Keywords: coronavirus; infectious bronchitis virus; QX type; furin-S2′ site; encephalitis; neurotropism coronavirus; infectious bronchitis virus; QX type; furin-S2′ site; encephalitis; neurotropism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cheng, J.; Zhao, Y.; Xu, G.; Zhang, K.; Jia, W.; Sun, Y.; Zhao, J.; Xue, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, G. The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism. Viruses 2019, 11, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100972

AMA Style

Cheng J, Zhao Y, Xu G, Zhang K, Jia W, Sun Y, Zhao J, Xue J, Hu Y, Zhang G. The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism. Viruses. 2019; 11(10):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100972

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng, Jinlong, Ye Zhao, Gang Xu, Keran Zhang, Wenfeng Jia, Yali Sun, Jing Zhao, Jia Xue, Yanxin Hu, and Guozhong Zhang. 2019. "The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism" Viruses 11, no. 10: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100972

APA Style

Cheng, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, G., Zhang, K., Jia, W., Sun, Y., Zhao, J., Xue, J., Hu, Y., & Zhang, G. (2019). The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism. Viruses, 11(10), 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100972

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