Insight into the Contribution and Disruption of Host Processes during HDV Replication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Genome of HDV and Its Replication
3. Interaction with Host Cellular Proteins
4. How HDV Affects Its Host Cell
5. Challenges and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Protein (Cell Types Used) | Function | Interaction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) (HepG2, HeLa) | Phosphorylation (S117, S180, T182) | HDAg-S, RNA | [28] |
Casein Kinase II (CKII) (HuH-7) | Phosphorylation (S2, S213) | HDAg-S | [27] |
Protein Kinase C (PKC) (HuH-7) | Phosphorylation (S210) | HDAg-L | [27] |
Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) (HEK-293T) | Phosphorylation (S177) | HDAg-S | [26] |
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) (Cos-7, d H189, HuH-7, NIH3T3) | Isoprenylation with farnesyl (C211) | HDAg-L | [36,37,38,39] |
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) (HuH-7) | Methylation (R13) | HDAgs | [40] |
P300 cellular acetyltransferase (HeLa, HuH-7, and HepG2) | Acetylation (K72) | HDAgs | [41,42] |
Small ubiquitin-related modifier | Sumoylation of lysine residues | HDAg-S | [43] |
Isoform 1 (SUMO1) (HuH-7) | |||
Ubc9 (HuH-7) | Sumoylation of lysine residues | HDAg-S | [43] |
Karyopherin (importin) 2α (BRL) | Nuclear import | HDAg-S | [44] |
Nuclear export signal-interacting protein (NESI) (HuH-7, HepG2, COS7) | Nuclear import | HDAg-L | [45,46] |
Lamin A/C (HuH-7) | Nuclear stability, chromatin structure and gene expression | HDAg-L | [45] |
Clathrin heavy chain (HepG2, COS7, HuH-7) | Exocytosis | HDAg-L | [30,47] |
Nucleophosmin (B23) (HuH-7 HepG2) | Nucleolar localization, shuttling, RNA synthesis/accumulation | HDAgs | [48] |
DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) (HeLa) | Relieves transcriptional repression; stimulates elongation by RNAP II | HDAgs | [49] |
Delta interacting protein A (HEK-293) | Transcriptional regulation | HDAgs | [50] |
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) (HeLa, HuH-7, HepG2) | RNA synthesis/accumulation | HDAgs | [41] |
Histone H1e (COS7, HuH-7) | RNA synthesis/accumulation | HDAg-S | [51] |
MOV10 (HuH-7, HEK-293) | RNA remodeling | HDAgs | [52] |
Smad3 (HuH-7, Cos7) | Host gene expression | HDAgs | [53] |
c-Jun (HuH-7, Cos7) | Host gene expression | HDAgs | [53] |
TRAF2 (HEK-293, HuH-7) | Host gene expression | HDAgs | [54] |
ZNF326 (HEK-293) | Transcription elongation | HDAg-S | [29] |
CCAR1(HEK-293) | Helicase | HDAg-S | [29] |
CDC5L (HEK-293) | Helicase | HDAg-S | [29] |
Chromodomain helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) (HEK-293) | Remodeling of chromatin | HDAg-S | [29] |
Centrosome-associated protein 350 (CEP350) (HEK-293) | Microtubule-organization at the centrosome | HDAg-S | [29] |
Centrosomal protein 170kDa isoform alpha (HEK-293) | Microtubule organization | HDAg-S | [29] |
H2A and H4 Histones (HEK-293) | Histone components | HDAg-S | [29] |
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 179 precursor (HEK-293) | Signal transduction | HDAg-S | [29] |
SC35 (HuH-7) | Splicing factor | HDAg-S, gRNA | [55] |
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR 1) (HuH-7, HEK-293) | Post-transcriptional modification of HDV antigenome | agRNA | [12] |
Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (HeLa) | Enhances delta ribozyme activity | agRNA | [32,34] |
RNAP I (HeLa) | Antigenome synthesis | RNA | [24] |
RNAP II (HeLa) | Genome synthesis, mRNA synthesis, Antigenome synthesis | HDAg-S, RNA | [19,20] |
RNAP III (HeLa) | RNA | [24] | |
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein associated splicing factor (PSF) (HEK-293, HuH-7) | Nuclear processes | RNA | [33,56] |
54 kDa nuclear RNA-binding protein (p54nrb) (HEK-293, HeLa) | Nuclear processes | RNA | [33,34] |
Paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1) (HEK-293) | RNA | [33] | |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) (HeLa) | mRNA processing | RNA | [34] |
Arginine/serine-rich splicing factor (ASF) (HeLa, HEK-293) | Splicing | RNA | [34,35] |
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) (HeLa) | Ribosomal aa-tRNA transport, gene expression | RNA | [34] |
Host Protein (Cell Types Used) | Biological Function | Reference |
---|---|---|
P53 (HEK-293) | Tumor suppressor and the regulation of cell cycle | [61] |
Heat shock 10 kDa protein (HSPE) (HEK-293) | Chaperone, efficient protein folding | [61] |
ELAV-like protein 1(HEK-293) | c-myc stabilization | [61] |
Transportin 1 (HEK-293) | Receptor for nuclear localization signals | [61] |
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit D (EIF3D) (HEK-293) | Translation initiation factor activity | [61] |
Cofilin 1 (HEK-293) | ILK signaling pathway | [61] |
14-3-3 σ (HEK-293) | Signal transduction | [61] |
FAM136A (HEK-293) | Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene | [61] |
BRI3BP (HEK-293) | Tumorigenesis, p53/TP53 stabilization | [61] |
Histone H1 binding protein (NASP) (HEK-293) | Signal transduction; Cell communication | [29] |
Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) (HEK-293) | Metabolism; Energy pathways | [29] |
Polyadenylate binding protein (PABP) (HEK-293) | RNA metabolism | [29] |
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) (HEK-293) | GTPase activator | [29] |
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (HEK-293) | Signal transduction pathway | [29] |
Brebrin 1 (HEK-293) | Cell growth and/or maintenance | [29] |
Keratine 8 (HEK-293) | Cell growth and/or maintenance | [29] |
Vinculin (HEK-293) | Cell growth and/or maintenance | [29] |
Lamin C (HEK-293) | Cell growth and/or maintenance | [29] |
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (HEK-293) | Metabolism; Energy pathways | [29] |
Zinc finger protein 326 (HEK-293) | Regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism | [29] |
High mobility group box 1 (HEK-293) | Regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism | [29] |
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (HEK-293) | Signal transduction; Cell communication | [29] |
Serum albumin (HEK-293) | Transport | [29] |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclearprotein D (hnRNP D) (HuH-7) | mRNA metabolism and transport | [57] |
Heat shock protein 105 (HSP105) (HuH-7) | Prevents the aggregation of misfolded proteins | [57] |
Annexin IV (HuH-7) | Regulation of early stages of apoptosis | [57] |
Proteasome activator (HuH-7) | Metabolism; energy pathways | [57] |
NADH2 dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1 precursor (HuH-7) | Metabolism; energy pathways | [57] |
Adenylate kinase 2B (HuH-7) | Metabolism; energy pathways | [57] |
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (HuH-7) | Protein metabolism | [57] |
Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor (HuH-7) | Protein metabolism | [57] |
Heat shock 60 kDa protein | Protein metabolism | [57] |
CKAP4 protein (HuH-7) | Cell growth and/ or maintenance | [57] |
Tubulin alpha 6 (HuH-7) | Cell growth and/ or maintenance | [57] |
Keratin 8 & Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 (HuH-7) | Cell growth and/ or maintenance | [57] |
Dihydropyrimidinase related | Neurogenesis | [57] |
Protein 2 (HuH-7) | ||
TRIM 28 protein (HuH-7) | Regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism | [57] |
DNA structure specific endonuclease FEN1 (HuH-7) | Regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism | [57] |
Ribonuclearprotein La (HuH-7) | Regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism | [57] |
High density lipoprotein binding protein (vigilin) (HEK-293, HuH-7) | Transport | [29,57] |
N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (HEK-293, HuH-7) | Transport | [29,57] |
Sorting nexin 5 (HEK-293, HuH-7) | Transport | [29,57] |
Dopamine receptor interacting protein 4 (HuH-7) | Apoptosis | [57] |
Interferon β/λ (HepG2, HuH-7, HepaRG) | Signaling proteins | [63] |
Interleukine 8 (IL8) (HEK-293) | Antiviral protein | [33] |
Nuclear Enriched Associated Transcript 1 (Neat1) (HEK-293) | Scaffold protein | [33] |
Clusterin (HuH-7) | Role in tumorigenesis | [69] |
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Goodrum, G.; Pelchat, M. Insight into the Contribution and Disruption of Host Processes during HDV Replication. Viruses 2019, 11, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010021
Goodrum G, Pelchat M. Insight into the Contribution and Disruption of Host Processes during HDV Replication. Viruses. 2019; 11(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010021
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodrum, Gabrielle, and Martin Pelchat. 2019. "Insight into the Contribution and Disruption of Host Processes during HDV Replication" Viruses 11, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010021