Potential of Mild Torrefaction for Upgrading the Wood Energy Value of Different Eucalyptus Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wood Species | Higher Heating Value (MJ kg−1) | |
---|---|---|
Untreated | Torrefied | |
E. botryoides Sm. | 19.2 | 21.0 |
E. globulus Labill. | 19.0 | 20.1 |
E. grandis W.Hill ex Maiden | 19.0 | 20.9 |
E. maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S.Johnson | 19.1 | 19.5 |
E. propinqua Maiden Deane | 19.9 | 21.3 |
E. rudis Endl. | 19.2 | 21.3 |
E. saligna Sm. | 19.6 | 21.0 |
E. viminalis Labill. | 19.4 | 20.8 |
Wood | Ash (%) | C (%) | H (%) | N (%) | Ca (%) | S (%) | K (%) | Mg (%) | O (%) | Cl (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. botryoides | U | 0.7 | 48.27 | 6.06 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 44.10 | 0.4 |
T | 1.0 | 55.33 | 5.88 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 37.11 | 0.3 | |
E. globulus | U | 0.6 | 48.74 | 6.12 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 43.72 | 0.3 |
T | 0.7 | 51.50 | 5.77 | 0.3 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 41.40 | 0.2 | |
E. grandis | U | 0.6 | 48.08 | 6.12 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 44.40 | 0.1 |
T | 0.6 | 53.72 | 5.83 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 39.06 | 0.3 | |
E. maculata | U | 1.1 | 47.55 | 6.15 | 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 44.78 | 0.2 |
T | 1.4 | 52.67 | 5.56 | 0.2 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 40.31 | 0.1 | |
E. propinqua | U | 0.5 | 49.17 | 6.07 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 43.38 | 0.3 |
T | 0.8 | 53.75 | 5.81 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 39.08 | 0.2 | |
E. rudis | U | 0.8 | 46.04 | 5.70 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.09 | 46.83 | 0.4 |
T | 1.0 | 53.51 | 5.74 | 0.4 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.09 | 39.02 | 0.2 | |
E. saligna | U | 0.4 | 49.57 | 6.15 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 42.80 | 0.3 |
T | 0.6 | 53.56 | 5.80 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 39.26 | 0.3 | |
E. viminalis | U | 0.7 | 47.95 | 6.01 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 44.59 | 0.3 |
T | 0.7 | 52.60 | 5.76 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 40.32 | 0.2 |
Wood | Temperature range (°C) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 to 100 | 100 to 150 | 150 to 200 | 200 to 250 | 250 to 300 | 300 to 350 | 350 to 400 | 400 to 450 | Residual Mass (450) | ||
E. botryoides | U | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 26 | 13 | 4 | 30 |
T | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 24 | 13 | 5 | 37 | |
E. globulus | U | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 20 | 29 | 15 | 4 | 28 |
T | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 27 | 15 | 7 | 34 | |
E. grandis | U | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 40 | 8 | 6 | 29 |
T | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 26 | 9 | 7 | 35 | |
E. maculata | U | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 27 | 19 | 4 | 29 |
T | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 38 | 9 | 7 | 37 | |
E. propinqua | U | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 26 | 13 | 4 | 31 |
T | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 37 | 9 | 6 | 36 | |
E. rudis | U | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 34 | 7 | 4 | 33 |
T | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 32 | 10 | 7 | 37 | |
E. saligna | U | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 27 | 16 | 6 | 30 |
T | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 36 | 8 | 7 | 35 | |
E. viminalis | U | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22 | 27 | 14 | 3 | 29 |
T | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 22 | 17 | 4 | 35 |
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Araújo, S.D.O.; Neiva, D.M.; Carneiro, A.D.C.; Esteves, B.; Pereira, H. Potential of Mild Torrefaction for Upgrading the Wood Energy Value of Different Eucalyptus Species. Forests 2018, 9, 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090535
Araújo SDO, Neiva DM, Carneiro ADC, Esteves B, Pereira H. Potential of Mild Torrefaction for Upgrading the Wood Energy Value of Different Eucalyptus Species. Forests. 2018; 9(9):535. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090535
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraújo, Solange De Oliveira, Duarte M. Neiva, Angélica De Cássia Carneiro, Bruno Esteves, and Helena Pereira. 2018. "Potential of Mild Torrefaction for Upgrading the Wood Energy Value of Different Eucalyptus Species" Forests 9, no. 9: 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090535