Socioeconomic Impact of Mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve of Ghana on Fringe Communities and the Achievement of SDGs: Analysis from the Residents’ Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Statement
- To assess the awareness level of the proposed mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve.
- To assess the socioeconomic impact of mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve on the residents of fringe communities.
- To analyze the impact of mining in forest reserves on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Are the residents aware of the planned mining of the Atiwa Forest Reserve?
- How would the mining in the forest reserve affect the socioeconomic development of the residents of fringe communities?
- How would mining in forest reserves affect the achievement of SDGs?
1.2. The Atiwa Forest Reserve
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Awareness Level of the Proposed Mining
3.3. Socioeconomic Impacts of Mining in the Forest Reserve on Livelihoods
Impact of the Proposed Mining on Livelihoods of the People
3.4. Impact of the Proposed Bauxite Mining on Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 99 | 50 |
Female | 93 | 47 |
Non-response | 5 | 3 |
Age | ||
18–25 | 13 | 7 |
26–29 | 19 | 10 |
30–39 | 27 | 14 |
40–49 | 43 | 22 |
50–59 | 45 | 23 |
60+ | 48 | 24 |
Non-response | 2 | 1 |
Educational background | ||
No formal education | 41 | 21 |
No formal education but can read and write | 31 | 16 |
Basic (Primary, Junior High, Middle School) | 50 | 25 |
Secondary (Senior High, Technical, Vocational) | 43 | 22 |
Tertiary education | 30 | 15 |
No response | 2 | 1 |
Occupation | ||
Student | 15 | 8 |
Farmer | 129 | 65 |
Teacher | 13 | 7 |
Civil/public servant | 7 | 4 |
Trader/businessman | 25 | 13 |
Artisan | 3 | 2 |
Unspecified/Unemployed | 5 | 3 |
What Do You Mainly Depend on the Forest for? | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Food (plant and animal) | 10 | 5 |
Water | 156 | 78 |
Wood | 7 | 4 |
Medicine | 15 | 8 |
Other | 7 | 4 |
No response | 2 | 1 |
Total | 197 | 100 |
What is your source of drinking water? | ||
Pipe-borne water | 102 | 51 |
Well/borehole | 17 | 9 |
Rivers/Streams | 74 | 37 |
Rainwater | 1 | 1 |
No response | 3 | 2 |
Total | 197 | 100 |
Do You Think Mining in the Forest Reserve Will Have a Direct Impact on Your Livelihood? | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Yes | 187 | 95 |
No | 8 | 4 |
No response | 2 | 1 |
Total | 197 | 100 |
Positive or Negative impact | ||
Positive | 61 | 33 |
Negative | 123 | 66 |
No response | 3 | 2 |
Total | 187 | 100 |
Benefit of the Mining | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Employment | 61 | 100 |
Negative impact | ||
Unemployment | 71 | 58 |
Drought | 17 | 14 |
Famine | 28 | 23 |
Crimes | 7 | 6 |
Total | 123 | 100 |
Reasons for Supporting | Frequency out of 51 for Each Reason | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Job avenue | 46 | 90 |
Government attention | 7 | 14 |
Infrastructural development | 41 | 80 |
High income | 23 | 45 |
No response | 2 | 4 |
Reasons for Not Supporting | Frequency out of 142 for Each Reason | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Impact on agriculture | 121 | 85 |
Destruction of river bodies | 139 | 98 |
Destruction of cultural heritage | 19 | 13 |
Destruction of biodiversity | 69 | 49 |
Extinction of rare species | 97 | 68 |
Existential meaning | 27 | 19 |
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Akomaning, Y.O.; Hlaváčková, P.; Darkwah, S.A.; Živělová, I.; Sujová, A. Socioeconomic Impact of Mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve of Ghana on Fringe Communities and the Achievement of SDGs: Analysis from the Residents’ Perspective. Forests 2021, 12, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101395
Akomaning YO, Hlaváčková P, Darkwah SA, Živělová I, Sujová A. Socioeconomic Impact of Mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve of Ghana on Fringe Communities and the Achievement of SDGs: Analysis from the Residents’ Perspective. Forests. 2021; 12(10):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101395
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkomaning, Yaw Okyere, Petra Hlaváčková, Samuel Antwi Darkwah, Iva Živělová, and Andrea Sujová. 2021. "Socioeconomic Impact of Mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve of Ghana on Fringe Communities and the Achievement of SDGs: Analysis from the Residents’ Perspective" Forests 12, no. 10: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101395
APA StyleAkomaning, Y. O., Hlaváčková, P., Darkwah, S. A., Živělová, I., & Sujová, A. (2021). Socioeconomic Impact of Mining in the Atiwa Forest Reserve of Ghana on Fringe Communities and the Achievement of SDGs: Analysis from the Residents’ Perspective. Forests, 12(10), 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101395