Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Plot Establishment and Measurement of Trees, Saplings, and Seedlings
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grouping of Stands
3.2. Structural Characteristics of Canopy Layer
3.2.1. Species Composition in Each Group
3.2.2. DBH Distribution by Species in Accretion Sites
3.2.3. DBH Distribution by Species in Erosion Sites
3.3. Regeneration on Accretion and Erosion Sites
3.4. Correlation of Structural Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Accretion and Erosion on Mangrove Structure
4.2. Development of Estuarian Mangrove Forests on Accretion Sites
4.3. Mosaic Pattern of Mangrove Forests on Erosion Sites
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Seaward side of Con Ngoai Ong Trang Island: NW bank, Cua Lon Estuary | Seaward side of Con Trong Ong Trang Island: NW bank, Cua Lon Estuary | Dat Mui National Park, at the border between Gulf of Thailand and East Sea | SE bank of Con Ngoai Ong Trang Island, Cua Lon Estuary | SE bank of Con Trong Ong Trang Island, Cua Lon Estuary | Coastline of Gulf of Thailand, in front of sea dam | Dat Mui National Park, behind the sea dam |
Accretion/erosion | Accretion | Accretion | Accretion | Erosion | Erosion | Erosion | Erosion |
Formed | 1980s | 1960s | Before 1953 | Since 2014 | Before 2004 | After 1998 | 1940–1985 |
Rate (m yr−1) | 7.38 ± 7.61 (1992–2011) [45] | 48.69 ± 3.01 (1979–2011) [45] | 44.74 ± 26.76 (1953–2011) [45] | NA | NA | −40.8 (1998–2002) [46] | −10.28 ± 2.64 (1953–2011) [45] |
Mean altitude (asl, m) | −1.9 | −2.0 | −3.0 | −1.8 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Soil texture | Silt loam or silt clay loam [39] | Silt loam or silt clay loam [39] | Silt loam or silt clay loam [39] | Clay | Clay | Clay | Clay |
Soil salinity (‰) | 32.87 | 30.32 | 35.15 | 35.85 | 33.54 | 40.94 | 35.39 |
Variable | Description |
---|---|
Number of species | Number of species in a plot |
Relative density of Avicennia alba | |
Relative density of Rhizophora apiculata | |
Ratio of A. alba basal area to total stand basal area | |
Ratio of R. apiculata basal area to total stand basal area | |
Number of A. alba ≥ 20 cm DBH | Number of A. alba with DBH ≥ 20 cm |
Number of R. apiculata ≥ 20 cm DBH | Number of R. apiculata with DBH ≥ 20 cm |
Number of other species ≥ 20 cm DBH | Number of stems of tree species with DBH ≥ 20 cm except A. alba and R. apiculata |
Number of A. alba < 10 cm DBH | Number of A. alba with DBH < 10 cm |
# Species | RD Aa | RD Ra | RBAAa | RBARa | RBAOthers | Aa ≥ 20 | Ra ≥ 20 | Others ≥ 20 | Aa < 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RD Aa | −0.145 | |||||||||
RD Ra | 0.069 | −0.916 ** | ||||||||
RBAAa | −0.153 | 0.980 ** | −0.854 ** | |||||||
RBARa | 0.099 | −0.936 ** | 0.987 ** | −0.888 ** | ||||||
RBAOthers | 0.754 ** | −0.103 | −0.176 | −0.189 | −0.116 | |||||
Aa ≥ 20 | 0.123 | 0.309 * | −0.286 * | 0.328 * | −0.349 ** | −0.022 | ||||
Ra ≥ 20 | 0.525 ** | −0.251 | 0.318 * | −0.211 | 0.278 * | 0.170 | 0.241 | |||
Others ≥ 20 | 0.251 | 0.026 | −0.266 * | −0.076 | −0.246 | 0.509 ** | 0.178 | 0.022 | ||
Aa < 10 | −0.132 | 0.852 ** | −0.776 ** | 0.845 ** | −0.770 ** | −0.065 | −0.065 | −0.325 * | −0.071 | |
Density | −0.019 | 0.205 | −0.213 | 0.212 | −0.223 | 0.080 | 0.012 | −0.264 | −0.101 | 0.211 |
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Nguyen, L.T.M.; Hoang, H.T.; Ta, H.V.; Park, P.S. Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Forests 2020, 11, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060615
Nguyen LTM, Hoang HT, Ta HV, Park PS. Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Forests. 2020; 11(6):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060615
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Linh Thuy My, Hanh Thi Hoang, Han Van Ta, and Pil Sun Park. 2020. "Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam" Forests 11, no. 6: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060615
APA StyleNguyen, L. T. M., Hoang, H. T., Ta, H. V., & Park, P. S. (2020). Comparison of Mangrove Stand Development on Accretion and Erosion Sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Forests, 11(6), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060615