Variability of Leaf Wetting and Water Storage Capacity of Branches of 12 Deciduous Tree Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Collection and Methodological Assumptions
2.2. Canopy Water Storage Capacity Measurement
2.3. Methods to Measure Inclination Angles and Determine Surface Free Energy
2.3.1. The Owens–Wendt Model
2.3.2. The Van Oss–Chaudhury–Good Model
2.3.3. The Zisman Method
2.4. Measurement of the Wax Content in the Leaves
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Influence of Factors: Species, Wax, SFP_ad, SFP_ab, Ang_ad, Ang_ab on Water Storage Capacity S
3.2. The Influence of Species on the Other Parameters
3.3. The Remaining Relationships
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A: Analysis of Leaf Surface Photographs
References
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Measuring Liquid | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mJ/m2] | |||||
Water | 72.8 | 21.8 | 51.0 | 25.5 | 25.5 |
Glycerin | 64.0 | 34.0 | 30.0 | 3.9 | 57.4 |
Diiodomethane | 50.8 | 50.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Variable | Standardized Parameter (Beta) | Regression Parameter (B) | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(absolute term) | 9.304 | −0.494 | 19.101 | 0.062 | ||
Wax [μg/cm2] | 0.236 | 0.067 | 0.02 | 0.114 | 0.006 | |
SFP_ad | −0.131 | −0.074 | −0.172 | 0.025 | 0.141 | |
SFP_ab | −0.175 | −0.101 | −0.23 | 0.028 | 0.125 | |
Angle_ad | 0.001 | 0 | −0.042 | 0.042 | 0.987 | |
Angle_ab | 0.046 | 0.019 | −0.03 | 0.068 | 0.45 | |
species | Acer platan. | reference | ||||
Aesculus hipp. | −0.266 | −4.391 | −7.34 | −1.442 | 0.004 | |
Betula pendula | −0.297 | −4.905 | −8.188 | −1.622 | 0.004 | |
Elaeagnus ang. | −0.017 | −0.287 | −1.564 | 0.99 | 0.656 | |
Fraxinus ex. | −0.211 | −3.848 | −7.044 | −0.651 | 0.019 | |
Ligustrum vul. | −0.13 | −2.246 | −5.306 | 0.814 | 0.148 | |
Quercus robur | −0.608 | −11.104 | −12.866 | −9.342 | <0.001 | |
Rhus typhina | −0.73 | −12.04 | −13.184 | −10.895 | <0.001 | |
Robinia ps. | −0.845 | −13.941 | −16.656 | −11.227 | <0.001 | |
Salix caprea | −0.168 | −2.769 | −5.698 | 0.16 | 0.064 | |
Syringa vul. | −0.402 | −7.336 | −10.719 | −3.953 | <0.001 | |
Tilia cordata | 0.131 | 2.164 | 0.803 | 3.525 | 0.002 |
Parameter | Type | N | Mean | SD | Median | min | max | Q1 | Q3 | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wax [µg/cm2] | A | 10 | 12.33 | 2.23 | 12.37 | 7.09 | 15.39 | 11.75 | 13.46 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 9.14 | 0.73 | 9.43 | 7.87 | 10.14 | 8.8 | 9.53 | C > A, B, D, H, I, K, L | |
C | 10 | 71.76 | 9.06 | 68.33 | 61.93 | 86.67 | 64.48 | 79.21 | J > A, B, D, I, K, L | |
D | 10 | 18.6 | 2.66 | 18.43 | 13.81 | 22.58 | 17.7 | 20.38 | E, F, G > A, B | |
E | 8 | 27.32 | 1.76 | 26.7 | 25.84 | 30.1 | 26.29 | 27.67 | H > B | |
F | 9 | 30.46 | 5.62 | 30.38 | 22.38 | 39.68 | 25.84 | 34.98 | ||
G | 8 | 26.25 | 1.39 | 26.35 | 24.31 | 28.54 | 25.16 | 27.02 | ||
H | 10 | 23.48 | 4.36 | 23.85 | 16.03 | 28.8 | 20.16 | 27.3 | ||
I | 10 | 21.13 | 2.88 | 21.92 | 16.9 | 24.73 | 18.5 | 23.39 | ||
J | 10 | 35.81 | 5.81 | 34.12 | 27.98 | 45.85 | 31.64 | 40.65 | ||
K | 8 | 18.86 | 3.97 | 17.94 | 13.88 | 26.69 | 16.54 | 20.2 | ||
L | 10 | 19.47 | 5.76 | 20.68 | 9.01 | 26.1 | 18.77 | 23.11 | ||
S [g/g] | A | 10 | 19 | 0.71 | 19.34 | 17.84 | 20.02 | 18.47 | 19.4 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 12.14 | 0.81 | 12.07 | 10.89 | 13.62 | 11.6 | 12.39 | L > B, E, G, H, I, K | |
C | 10 | 16.92 | 0.95 | 16.94 | 14.8 | 18.12 | 16.68 | 17.57 | A, D > B, G, H, I, K | |
D | 10 | 18.48 | 1.01 | 18.62 | 16.34 | 19.92 | 18.11 | 18.91 | C > G, H, I | |
E | 8 | 13.59 | 0.39 | 13.66 | 12.9 | 14.03 | 13.47 | 13.88 | F, J > H, I | |
F | 9 | 15.79 | 0.92 | 15.87 | 14.38 | 17.34 | 15.09 | 16.32 | ||
G | 8 | 8.07 | 2.51 | 9.07 | 3.67 | 10.29 | 6.92 | 9.94 | ||
H | 10 | 7.81 | 0.62 | 7.93 | 6.97 | 8.85 | 7.27 | 8.24 | ||
I | 10 | 7.43 | 0.68 | 7.58 | 6.08 | 8.34 | 7.21 | 7.87 | ||
J | 10 | 16.1 | 1.18 | 16.37 | 13.89 | 17.77 | 15.92 | 16.78 | ||
K | 8 | 10.1 | 0.94 | 10.23 | 8.97 | 11.78 | 9.3 | 10.58 | ||
L | 10 | 21.02 | 1.47 | 21.19 | 18.23 | 23.48 | 20.19 | 21.38 | ||
SEP_ad | A | 10 | 26.95 | 2.28 | 27.04 | 23.62 | 29.27 | 25.13 | 29.23 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 26.05 | 1.88 | 26.22 | 23.12 | 28.81 | 24.77 | 27 | J > B, C, F, G, H, I, K | |
C | 10 | 25.37 | 1.23 | 25.68 | 23.43 | 27.03 | 24.38 | 26.32 | L > G, H, I, K | |
D | 10 | 28.1 | 3.66 | 26.91 | 24.24 | 35.56 | 25.5 | 30.33 | A, C, D > I, K | |
E | 8 | 28.56 | 2.21 | 28.98 | 24.28 | 31.23 | 27.41 | 30.1 | B > I | |
F | 9 | 25.03 | 0.87 | 25.35 | 22.88 | 25.86 | 24.92 | 25.44 | ||
G | 8 | 23.61 | 1.94 | 23.83 | 19.74 | 25.83 | 22.75 | 24.95 | ||
H | 10 | 24.09 | 2.47 | 24.13 | 19.73 | 27.56 | 22.82 | 25.84 | ||
I | 10 | 5.31 | 0.73 | 5.39 | 3.9 | 6.25 | 4.85 | 5.81 | ||
J | 10 | 41.08 | 2.58 | 40.81 | 36.99 | 45.59 | 39.71 | 42.78 | ||
K | 8 | 18.79 | 1.55 | 18.2 | 16.83 | 21.37 | 17.78 | 19.97 | ||
L | 10 | 30.95 | 2.76 | 30.84 | 26.67 | 36.26 | 28.89 | 32.54 | ||
SEP_ab | A | 10 | 7.4 | 1.42 | 7.64 | 5.5 | 9.49 | 6.21 | 8.43 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 26.14 | 2.68 | 26.01 | 22.45 | 29.87 | 23.9 | 28.29 | B, E, K > A, H, I, J, L | |
C | 10 | 16.84 | 1.46 | 17.3 | 14.27 | 18.74 | 15.71 | 17.76 | F > A, H, I, L | |
D | 10 | 10.74 | 1.14 | 10.96 | 9.09 | 12.73 | 9.76 | 11.18 | C > A, H, I | |
E | 8 | 26.46 | 1.54 | 26.21 | 24.22 | 28.73 | 25.74 | 27.02 | G > I | |
F | 9 | 25.08 | 1.94 | 25.07 | 22.57 | 27.87 | 24.11 | 26.17 | ||
G | 8 | 13.63 | 2.61 | 12.62 | 10.8 | 17.45 | 11.68 | 16.19 | ||
H | 10 | 7.53 | 1.66 | 7.26 | 5.38 | 10.63 | 6.54 | 8.53 | ||
I | 10 | 4.72 | 1.06 | 4.62 | 3.45 | 7.1 | 3.98 | 4.92 | ||
J | 10 | 10.45 | 0.64 | 10.43 | 9.11 | 11.49 | 10.24 | 10.68 | ||
K | 8 | 26.06 | 0.75 | 26.05 | 25.1 | 27.48 | 25.74 | 26.33 | ||
L | 10 | 8.93 | 1.72 | 8.59 | 7.02 | 12.78 | 7.89 | 9.12 | ||
Angle_ad | A | 10 | 107.21 | 4.7 | 106.55 | 99.52 | 116.4 | 104.41 | 109.63 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 113.11 | 5.96 | 114.22 | 101.16 | 122.8 | 110.9 | 115.67 | I > A, C, D, E, F, J, L | |
C | 10 | 105.56 | 2.26 | 105.66 | 101.35 | 109.16 | 105.01 | 106.73 | B, G, H, K > J, L | |
D | 10 | 111.7 | 9.45 | 106.65 | 101.16 | 126.66 | 105.8 | 119.31 | D > J | |
E | 8 | 107.62 | 1.62 | 107.38 | 105.61 | 110.2 | 106.51 | 108.88 | ||
F | 9 | 107.03 | 3.72 | 106.79 | 103.15 | 112.72 | 103.4 | 110.31 | ||
G | 8 | 112.92 | 4.41 | 113.47 | 107.51 | 119.48 | 108.67 | 115.65 | ||
H | 10 | 113.65 | 6.15 | 113.87 | 105.9 | 120.03 | 108.21 | 119.57 | ||
I | 10 | 135.14 | 2.25 | 135.5 | 130.28 | 137.44 | 134.62 | 136.88 | ||
J | 10 | 74.47 | 3.95 | 74.86 | 67.44 | 79.18 | 73.36 | 77.66 | ||
K | 8 | 114.05 | 8.05 | 117.09 | 98.82 | 121 | 108.41 | 120.71 | ||
L | 10 | 95.22 | 2.42 | 95.76 | 90.59 | 98.46 | 94.32 | 96.9 | ||
Angle_ab | A | 10 | 141.53 | 3.25 | 141.5 | 137.14 | 146.57 | 138.71 | 143.9 | <0.001 |
B | 10 | 118.35 | 6.01 | 118.04 | 110.89 | 131.86 | 115.32 | 118.53 | A > B, C, E, F, G, J, K | |
C | 10 | 124.07 | 4.72 | 123.25 | 117.73 | 131.01 | 120.64 | 127.96 | H, I > B, E, F, K | |
D | 10 | 129.06 | 4.81 | 128.73 | 119.85 | 135.94 | 126.69 | 131.63 | L > E, F, K | |
E | 8 | 113.61 | 1.67 | 113.26 | 111.88 | 116.53 | 112.2 | 114.71 | D > F, K | |
F | 9 | 112.62 | 3.51 | 114.04 | 106.94 | 117.38 | 110.12 | 114.76 | ||
G | 8 | 121.42 | 6.22 | 122.89 | 110.8 | 127.66 | 120 | 125.42 | ||
H | 10 | 136.22 | 3.51 | 136.76 | 132.1 | 141.29 | 132.65 | 138.27 | ||
I | 10 | 136.37 | 3.8 | 135.97 | 131.57 | 141.07 | 133.81 | 139.55 | ||
J | 10 | 123.05 | 2.86 | 123.05 | 118.61 | 128.62 | 122.28 | 124.18 | ||
K | 8 | 103.1 | 2.61 | 102.22 | 99.59 | 106.23 | 101.48 | 105.99 | ||
L | 10 | 132.56 | 6.33 | 135.19 | 121.25 | 139.76 | 130.37 | 136.7 |
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Anna, K.-I.; Sylwia, Ł.; Marcin, Z.; Ewa, S.-O.; Wojtan, B. Variability of Leaf Wetting and Water Storage Capacity of Branches of 12 Deciduous Tree Species. Forests 2020, 11, 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111158
Anna K-I, Sylwia Ł, Marcin Z, Ewa S-O, Wojtan B. Variability of Leaf Wetting and Water Storage Capacity of Branches of 12 Deciduous Tree Species. Forests. 2020; 11(11):1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111158
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna, Klamerus-Iwan, Łagan Sylwia, Zarek Marcin, Słowik-Opoka Ewa, and Bartłomiej Wojtan. 2020. "Variability of Leaf Wetting and Water Storage Capacity of Branches of 12 Deciduous Tree Species" Forests 11, no. 11: 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111158