Structural Root-Plate Characteristics of Wind-Thrown Norway Spruce in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Structural Root Horizontal Surface Shape
3.2. Structural Root Depth Distribution of Tipped-Up Trees
3.3. Root-Plate Volume
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Wind-Throw | Tree-Pulling Tests (Control) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Neveja-Skede | Kalsnava | Jelgava | Kalsnava | |
Soil Type | Freely Drained Mineral Soil | Drained Deep Peat Soil | Freely Drained Mineral Soil | Drained Deep Peat Soil | |
N | 39 | 25 | 26 | 10 | |
DBH (cm) | Min | 13.0 | 23.3 | 17.8 | 26.5 |
Max | 50.0 | 46.5 | 42.0 | 37.7 | |
Mean | 25.5 ± 2.7 | 31.2 ± 2.6 | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 32.0 ± 3.0 | |
Height (m) | Min | 12.7 | 21.6 | 16.9 | 24.8 |
Max | 32.3 | 31.7 | 33.4 | 29.6 | |
Mean | 21.6 ± 1.6 | 26.0 ± 1.1 | 25.6 ± 1.6 | 27.2 ± 0.9 | |
Root-plate width (m) | Min | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 3.4 |
Max | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 5.5 | |
Mean | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | |
Root-plate height (m) | Min | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Max | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.5 | |
Mean | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | |
Root-plate depth (cm) | Min | 9.3 | 23.3 | 26.8 | 40.0 |
Max | 45.5 | 82.5 | 84.0 | 80.0 | |
Mean | 28.3 ± 2.3 | 44.7 ± 5.3 | 49.2 ± 6.6 | 57.1 ± 8.5 |
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Krišāns, O.; Samariks, V.; Donis, J.; Jansons, Ā. Structural Root-Plate Characteristics of Wind-Thrown Norway Spruce in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia. Forests 2020, 11, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111143
Krišāns O, Samariks V, Donis J, Jansons Ā. Structural Root-Plate Characteristics of Wind-Thrown Norway Spruce in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia. Forests. 2020; 11(11):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111143
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrišāns, Oskars, Valters Samariks, Jānis Donis, and Āris Jansons. 2020. "Structural Root-Plate Characteristics of Wind-Thrown Norway Spruce in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia" Forests 11, no. 11: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111143