Assessing the Impact of Patient Characteristics on Genetic Clinical Pathways: A Regression Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Pathways Identification
2.3. Analysis of the Determinants of Variability between and within Pathways
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Clinical Pathways
3.2. Main Descriptors and Indicators by Clinical Pathway and Nationality
3.3. The Definition of Clinical Pathways
3.4. Analysis of Variability between and within Pathways
Descriptive Statistics
3.5. Statistical Analyses
3.5.1. Binary Models: Assignment to a Clinical Pathway—Full Sample
3.5.2. Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood and OLS: The Length of the Clinical Pathway—Full Sample
3.5.3. Binary Models: Assignment to a Clinical Pathway—Not-EMA Sample
3.5.4. Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood and OLS: The Length of the Clinical Pathway—Not-EMA Sample
3.5.5. Binary Models: Assignment to a Clinical Pathway: Foreign Mother Sample
3.5.6. Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood and OLS: The Length of the Clinical Pathway—Foreign Women Sample
3.5.7. Clinical Pathway Length: Individual Characteristics vs. Clinical Pathway
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Motivation | Description of the Motivation for the Diagnosis |
---|---|
1 | Gene pathology in the family |
2 | Chromosomal pathology in the family |
3 | Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family |
4 | Undefined or other pathology in the family |
5 | Fetal ultrasound pathology |
6 | Cytogenetic fetal pathology |
7 | Fetal screening |
8 | Maternal exposure to radiation |
9 | Maternal exposure to drugs |
10 | Maternal environmental exposure |
11 | Maternal infection exposure |
12 | Consanguinity |
13 | Maternal age (EMA)—Chorionic villi |
14 | Maternal age (EMA)—Amniotic fluid |
15 | Non-specific indication |
Motivations Assigned to Patients | Number of Patients |
---|---|
One motivation | 1866 |
Two motivations | 239 |
Three motivations | 13 |
Four motivations | 1 |
Total | 2119 |
Composition of Motivation Codes | Number of Patients |
---|---|
(Maternal age (EMA)—Chorionic villi OR Maternal age (EMA)—Amniotic fluid) AND Other = Other | 149 |
(Maternal exposure to radiation OR Maternal exposure to drugs OR Maternal environmental exposure OR Maternal infection exposure) AND Other = Other | 12 |
Non-specific indication AND Other = Other | 48 |
Double motivation with the same code = Code | 1 |
Total | 210 |
Clinical Pathway | Motivation Codes | Number of Patients |
---|---|---|
A1 | Maternal age (EMA)—Chorionic villi | 491 |
A2 | Maternal age (EMA)—Amniotic fluid | 775 |
B1 | Gene pathology in the family OR Chromosomal pathology in the family | 370 |
B2 | Chromosomal pathology in the family | 47 |
B3 | Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family | 71 |
B4 | Undefined or other pathology in the family | 9 |
B5 | Fetal ultrasound pathology OR Cytogenetic fetal pathology OR Fetal screening | 194 |
B6 | Maternal exposure to radiation OR Maternal exposure to drugs OR Maternal environmental exposure OR Maternal infection exposure | 115 |
B7 | Non-specific indication | 4 |
C1 | Gene pathology in the family AND Chromosomal pathology in the family | 5 |
C2 | Gene pathology in the family AND Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family | 17 |
C3 | Gene pathology in the family AND (Fetal ultrasound pathology OR Cytogenetic fetal pathology OR Fetal screening) | 8 |
C4 | Chromosomal pathology in the family AND Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family | 1 |
C5 | Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family AND (Fetal ultrasound pathology OR Cytogenetic fetal pathology OR Fetal screening) | 7 |
C6 | Gene pathology in the family AND Chromosomal pathology in the family AND Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family | 4 |
C7 | Gene pathology in the family AND Multifactorial/heterogeneous pathology in the family AND Fetal ultrasound pathology | 1 |
Total | 2119 |
Age | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Bologna | 351 | 25 | 305 | 32 | 78 | 18 | 20 | 1 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 73 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 351 |
Ferrara | 88 | 11 | 239 | 14 | 152 | 105 | 11 | 2 | 21 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 76 | 11 | 92 | 21 | 4 | 0 | 26 | 8 | 88 |
Imola | 15 | 1 | 159 | 26 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 15 |
Total | 454 | 37 | 703 | 72 | 242 | 128 | 40 | 7 | 56 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 165 | 29 | 93 | 22 | 4 | 0 | 34 | 9 | 2119 |
% total | 21 | 2 | 33 | 3 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 0.5 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 100 |
% path | 92 | 8 | 91 | 9 | 65 | 35 | 85 | 15 | 79 | 21 | 89 | 11 | 85 | 15 | 81 | 19 | 100 | 0 | 79 | 21 |
Age | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
15–24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 30 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 94 |
25–34 | 19 | 1 | 69 | 8 | 113 | 72 | 21 | 6 | 28 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 65 | 10 | 50 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 6 | 516 |
>35 | 435 | 35 | 634 | 64 | 114 | 26 | 16 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 91 | 17 | 32 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1509 |
Total | 454 | 37 | 703 | 72 | 242 | 128 | 40 | 7 | 56 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 165 | 29 | 93 | 22 | 4 | 0 | 34 | 9 | 2119 |
Anamnestic Data | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Live birth | 44 | 8 | 41 | 30 | 24 | 38 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 34 | 25 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 3 | 302 |
Stillborn | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Term birth | 21 | 6 | 19 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 125 |
Preterm birth | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Miscarriage | 35 | 7 | 31 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 196 |
VPI | 6 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 55 |
Total | 108 | 22 | 98 | 58 | 48 | 73 | 27 | 10 | 27 | 20 | 5 | 1 | 81 | 56 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 35 | 10 | 687 |
Genetic Test (with Fetus) | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Not inserted | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
High resolution cytogenetic | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
Molecular cytogenetic | 1 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
Standard cytogenetic (karyotype) | 39 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 96 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 10 | 260 |
Molecular CGH-Array | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Molecular direct | 325 | 273 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 | 1 | 29 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 17 | 728 | |
Molecular indirect | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Molecular UPD/Methylation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 21 | |
Total | 368 | 295 | 34 | 3 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 143 | 32 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 87 | 29 | 1035 |
Genetic Test (no Fetus) | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Not inserted | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
High resolution cytogenetic | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
Molecular cytogenetic | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Standard cytogenetic (karyotype) | 1 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 23 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 83 |
Molecular CGH-Array | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Molecular direct | 249 | 239 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 16 | 601 |
Molecular indirect | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Molecular UPD/Methylation | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
Total | 252 | 242 | 17 | 3 | 39 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 50 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 24 | 708 |
Outcome (with Fetus) | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Not inserted | 28 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 67 |
Anomalous not defined | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
Anomalous pathological | 17 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 51 |
Anomalous carrier | 153 | 145 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 1 | 342 |
Normal | 165 | 127 | 22 | 3 | 39 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 108 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 44 | 23 | 565 |
Total | 368 | 295 | 34 | 3 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 143 | 32 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 71 | 29 | 1035 |
Outcome (no Fetus) | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1–C7 | Total | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | I | F | ||
Not inserted | 23 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 43 |
Anomalous not defined | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
Anomalous pathological | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 |
Anomalous carrier | 119 | 130 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 285 |
Normal | 101 | 100 | 11 | 3 | 34 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 19 | 360 |
Total | 252 | 242 | 17 | 3 | 39 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 50 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 24 | 708 |
Mean | Median | St. Dev. | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size = 2119 | |||||
Weeks of pregnancy | 11.97 | 12 | 4.01 | 4 | 40 |
Age | 35.45 | 36 | 4.92 | 15 | 48 |
Sample size = 853—Not-EMA | |||||
Weeks of pregnancy | 12.85 | 12 | 5.46 | 4 | 37 |
Age | 32.38 | 33 | 5.81 | 16 | 48 |
Sample size = 321—Foreign women | |||||
Weeks of pregnancy | 13.99 | 13 | 5.35 | 4 | 40 |
Age | 32.56 | 34 | 6.27 | 15 | 46 |
Previous Pregnancies | Live Births (Quantity and %) | Spontaneous Abortions (Quantity and %) | VPI (Quantity and %) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1209 | 1640 | 2046 |
0.570 | 0.773 | 0.965 | |
1 | 709 | 361 | 71 |
0.334 | 0.170 | 0.033 | |
2 | 166 | 93 | 2 |
0.078 | 0.043 | 0.000 | |
3 | 30 | 23 | - |
0.014 | 0.010 | - | |
4 | 5 | 2 | - |
0.002 | 0.000 | - | |
5 | - | 1 | - |
- | 0.000 | - | |
Total | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Referring Medical Doctor | Frequency | (%) |
---|---|---|
General practitioner | 559 | 26.38 |
NHS specialist | 265 | 12.51 |
Consultant specialist | 310 | 14.63 |
Unidentified specialist | 94 | 4.44 |
Hospital specialist | 432 | 20.39 |
Private specialist | 140 | 6.61 |
Other | 319 | 15.06 |
Total | 2119 | 100 |
Pathway Length (Days) | Mean | Median | St. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size = 2119 | 6.77 | 0 | 16.03 | 0 | 259 |
Sample size = 853—Not-EMA | 16.27 | 8 | 21.57 | 0 | 259 |
Sample size = 321 Foreign women | 13.24 | 2 | 22.26 | 0 | 195 |
Clinical Pathway | Frequency | (%) |
---|---|---|
A1 | 491 | 0.2317 |
A2 | 775 | 0.3657 |
B1 | 370 | 0.1746 |
B2 | 47 | 0.0222 |
B3 | 71 | 0.0335 |
B4 | 9 | 0.0042 |
B5 | 194 | 0.0916 |
B6 | 115 | 0.0543 |
B7 | 4 | 0.0019 |
C1 | 5 | 0.0024 |
C2 | 17 | 0.0080 |
C3 | 8 | 0.0038 |
C4 | 1 | 0.0005 |
C5 | 7 | 0.0033 |
C6 | 4 | 0.0019 |
C7 | 1 | 0.0005 |
Total | 2119 | 1 |
Variables | (1) B1 | (2) B2 | (3) B3 | (4) B4 | (5) B5 | (6) B6 | (7) B7 | (8) C | (9) A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks of pregnancy | 0.00245 (1.373) | −0.00233 *** (−2.979) | −0.00425 *** (−5.358) | −0.000678 ** (−2.221) | 0.0126 *** (9.328) | −0.00243 *** (−2.803) | 0.000538 (0.721) | −4.24 × 10−5 (−0.0693) | −0.0168 *** (−5.981) |
Foreign | 0.235 *** (8.119) | 0.00267 (0.342) | 0.0219 * (1.840) | 0.000243 (0.0851) | −0.0410 *** (−5.404) | 0.00469 (1.148) | - - | 0.00648 (0.806) | −0.274 *** (−8.184) |
Live births | −0.00879 (−0.796) | −0.00477 (−1.592) | −0.00378 (−0.888) | −0.000195 (−0.146) | −1.29 × 10−5 (−0.00241) | −0.0202 *** (−3.203) | −0.00634 (−0.665) | −0.00162 (−0.522) | 0.0769 *** (4.467) |
Miscarriages | −0.0619 *** (−4.572) | 0.00494 (1.630) | 0.00735 (1.624) | −0.00181 (−0.876) | 0.00934 * (1.743) | - - | −0.00197 (−0.243) | 0.00281 (0.661) | 0.0613 *** (3.154) |
VPI | 0.0549 * (1.814) | 0.0175 ** (2.550) | 0.00654 (0.569) | - - | 0.0495 *** (3.138) | −0.00719 (−1.010) | - - | 0.00740 (0.769) | −0.266 *** (−4.140) |
General practitioner | −0.132 *** (−7.891) | −0.00275 (−0.369) | −0.0100 (−1.153) | −0.00134 (−0.446) | −0.0461 *** (−4.990) | −0.0119 ** (−2.118) | - - | −0.0194 *** (−3.661) | 0.298 *** (11.11) |
Hospital specialist | −0.0188 (−0.914) | 0.00290 (0.317) | 0.00937 (0.798) | 0.00479 (0.749) | 0.0352 ** (2.355) | 0.0335 * (1.723) | - - | 0.00173 (0.264) | −0.133 *** (−3.744) |
Private specialist | 0.0348 (1.011) | −0.00134 (−0.126) | 0.0149 (0.820) | 0.00218 (0.305) | 0.00730 (0.446) | 0.0867 * (1.670) | - - | −0.00414 (−0.523) | −0.236 *** (−4.636) |
Consultant specialist | −0.0100 (−0.460) | −0.00935 (−1.343) | −0.00990 (−1.052) | - - | −0.0316 *** (−3.127) | 0.116 ** (2.090) | - - | −0.000813 (−0.123) | −0.0948 ** (−2.448) |
NHS specialist | −0.0601 *** (−2.950) | 0.0261 (1.582) | 0.0107 (0.765) | 0.00417 (0.618) | −0.0219 ** (−2.142) | −0.00209 (−0.318) | - - | −0.0136 *** (−2.804) | 0.103 *** (2.826) |
No. obs. | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 | 1745 | 2119 | 1639 | 350 | 2119 | 2119 |
Variables | (1) PPML | (2) PPML | (3) PPML | (4) OLS | (5) OLS Reset | (6) OLS Bootstrap |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks of pregnancy | 0.0286 ** (2.118) | 0.0125 (0.998) | 0.0117 (0.955) | 0.219 * (1.716) | 0.0429 (0.337) | 0.219 * (1.753) |
Foreign | 0.782 *** (6.373) | 0.446 *** (3.540) | 0.433 *** (3.469) | 6.529 *** (5.145) | 0.853 (0.278) | 6.529 *** (5.686) |
Live births | - | −0.147 ** (−2.136) | −0.139 ** (−1.992) | −1.663 *** (−3.957) | −0.739 (−1.254) | −1.663 *** (−3.916) |
Miscarriages | - | −0.0328 (−0.419) | −0.0136 (−0.175) | −0.668 (−1.482) | −0.288 (−0.586) | −0.668 (−1.492) |
VPI | - | 0.440 ** (2.330) | 0.418 ** (2.219) | 4.647 * (1.855) | 0.0417 (0.0118) | 4.647 * (1.870) |
General practitioner | - | - | −0.465 ** (−2.021) | −2.416 *** (−2.895) | −1.769 (−1.633) | −2.416 *** (−2.752) |
Hospital specialist | - | - | 0.381 *** (2.664) | 3.082 *** (3.062) | 1.187 (0.736) | 3.082 *** (2.937) |
Private specialist | - | - | 0.615 *** (3.418) | 6.190 *** (3.532) | 1.532 (0.447) | 6.190 *** (3.396) |
Consultant specialist | - | - | 0.244 (1.550) | 2.958 ** (2.473) | 0.930 (0.575) | 2.958 ** (2.428) |
NHS specialist | - | - | 0.530 *** (2.960) | 5.117 *** (3.124) | 1.515 (0.547) | 5.117 *** (3.069) |
Squares of estimated values | - | - | - | - | 0.0371 (0.673) | - |
Cubes of estimated values | - | - | - | - | 0.000438 (0.190) | - |
Constant | 1.389 *** (8.265) | 2.411 *** (15.85) | 2.181 *** (11.73) | 2.958 * (1.838) | 3.787 ** (2.123) | 2.958 * (1.819) |
No. obs. | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 | 2119 |
R squared | 0.037 | 0.114 | 0.126 | 0.073 | 0.077 | 0.073 |
Variables | (1) B1 | (2) B2 | (3) B3 | (4) B4 | (5) B5 | (6) B6 | (7) C | (8) A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.00574 * (−1.718) | −0.00111 (−1.288) | −0.00212 * (−1.702) | −2.05 × 10−5 (−0.589) | 0.0120 *** (4.423) | 0.00237 * (1.673) | 0.000175 (0.175) | −0.00371 *** (−4.076) |
Weeks of pregnancy | −0.00505 (−1.487) | −0.00428 *** (−3.594) | −0.00868 *** (−5.902) | −0.000155 *** (−3.143) | 0.0282 *** (8.317) | −0.0112 *** (−4.007) | −0.000709 (−0.410) | −0.000872 (−0.743) |
Foreign | 0.249 *** (5.643) | −0.0133 (−1.040) | 0.00325 (0.170) | −0.000294 (−0.464) | −0.159 *** (−5.931) | −0.00713 (−0.370) | - | −0.0148 (−1.138) |
Live births | 0.0567 ** (2.245) | −0.00201 (−0.328) | 0.00593 (0.624) | 0.000179 (0.464) | −0.00395 (−0.231) | −0.111 *** (−4.823) | −0.0191 (−0.508) | 0.0121 (1.563) |
Miscarriages | −0.110 *** (−3.421) | 0.0173 *** (2.855) | 0.0288 *** (2.746) | −0.0003 (−0.523) | 0.0493 ** (2.045) | - | −0.00188 (−0.0555) | 0.0163 * (1.702) |
VPI | −0.0271 (−0.428) | 0.0200 (1.461) | −0.0141 (−0.528) | - | 0.0840 ** (2.031) | −0.0664 (−1.498) | - | −6.02 × 10−5 (−0.00238) |
General practitioner | 0.0302 (0.404) | 0.0409 (1.140) | 0.0610 (1.295) | 0.994 *** (166.0) | −0.0756 ** (−2.369) | −0.0454 * (−1.736) | - | 0.0200 (0.456) |
Hospital specialist | −0.0980 * (−1.763) | −0.00939 (−0.604) | −0.00158 (−0.0647) | 0.877 *** (13.96) | 0.00502 (0.137) | 0.0936 * (1.764) | - | 0.0354 (1.055) |
Private specialist | −0.0373 (−0.527) | −0.0171 (−1.172) | −0.000514 (−0.0174) | 0.991 *** (87.09) | −0.0750 ** (−2.389) | 0.201 * (1.885) | - | 0.0126 (0.331) |
Consultant specialist | −0.0677 (−1.108) | −0.0286 ** (−2.197) | −0.0382 * (−1.859) | −0.123 *** (−3.902) | 0.354 *** (3.174) | 0.0281 (0.784) | ||
NHS specialist | −0.0102 (−0.141) | 0.0716 (1.563) | 0.0497 (1.131) | 0.996 *** (343.5) | −0.0885 *** (−3.012) | −0.0234 (−0.688) | −0.00207 (−0.0646) | |
No. obs. | 853 | 853 | 853 | 641 | 853 | 646 | 93 | 853 |
Variables | (1) PPML | (2) PPML | (3) PPML | (4) OLS | (5) OLS reset | (6) OLS Bootstrap |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.0153 * (−1.942) | −0.0104 (−0.985) | −0.0119 (−1.098) | −0.226 * (−1.704) | 4.086 * (1.713) | −0.226 * (−1.696) |
Weeks of pregnancy | −0.00247 (−0.253) | −0.000820 (−0.0820) | 0.000752 (0.0756) | 0.0130 (0.0783) | −0.229 (−1.218) | 0.0130 (0.0811) |
Foreign | 0.232 * (1.914) | 0.242 ** (2.039) | 0.261 ** (2.233) | 4.532 ** (2.128) | −82.27 * (−1.713) | 4.532 ** (2.194) |
Live births | - | −0.0818 (−1.434) | −0.0819 (−1.390) | −1.279 (−1.433) | 22.66 * (1.714) | −1.279 (−1.413) |
Miscarriages | - | 0.00873 (0.119) | 0.0107 (0.144) | 0.199 (0.162) | −3.477 (−1.413) | 0.199 (0.164) |
VPI | - | 0.178 (1.040) | 0.162 (0.943) | 2.879 (0.824) | −51.48 * (−1.738) | 2.879 (0.817) |
General practitioner | - | - | 0.138 (0.642) | 2.008 (0.619) | −35.47 * (−1.743) | 2.008 (0.621) |
Hospital specialist | - | - | 0.130 (1.026) | 1.872 (1.008) | −32.99 * (−1.694) | 1.872 (1.022) |
Private specialist | - | - | 0.276 * (1.708) | 4.316 (1.623) | −77.55 * (−1.696) | 4.316 (1.626) |
Consultant specialist | - | - | 0.0861 (0.585) | 1.179 (0.526) | −20.61 * (−1.656) | 1.179 (0.532) |
NHS specialist | - | - | 0.301 (1.399) | 4.797 (1.281) | −85.85 * (−1.751) | 4.797 (1.279) |
Squares of estimated values | - | - | - | - | 1.138 * (1.750) | - |
Cubes of estimated values | - | - | - | - | −0.0220 * (−1.687) | - |
Constant | 3.248 *** (12.54) | 3.105 *** (9.502) | 2.973 *** (8.572) | 20.46 *** (4.320) | −267.1 * (−1.657) | 20.46 *** (4.181) |
No. obs. | 853 | 853 | 853 | 853 | 853 | 853 |
R squared | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.021 |
Variables | (1) B1 | (2) B2 | (3) B3 | (4) B4 | (5) B5 | (6) B6 | (7) C | (8) DA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks of pregnancy | 0.0196 *** (2.901) | −0.00242 (−0.882) | −0.00594 *** (−2.617) | −0.00834 (−0.988) | 0.00578 *** (2.804) | −0.00602 * (−1.654) | −0.00101 (−0.402) | −0.0315 *** (−5.393) |
Live births | 0.0821 ** (2.185) | −0.0193 (−1.422) | −0.00525 (−1.025) | 0.00727 (0.663) | 0.00466 (0.509) | −0.0558 ** (−2.041) | −0.0137 (−1.236) | 0.0321 (0.997) |
Miscarriages | −0.0601 (−1.225) | −0.00437 (−0.337) | 0.0136 * (1.878) | - | 0.0139 (1.259) | - | 0.00878 (0.644) | 0.00905 (0.254) |
VPI | 0.149 (1.459) | 0.0644 * (1.911) | - | - | 0.00869 (0.389) | - | - | −0.143 (−0.975) |
General practitioner | −0.181 * (−1.901) | 0.0195 (0.486) | - | - | −0.0386 * (−1.649) | - | −0.0196 (−0.713) | 0.412 *** (4.085) |
Hospital specialist | −0.110 (−1.182) | - | 0.0370 (1.208) | - | 0.0327 (0.890) | 0.0342 (0.604) | 0.00298 (0.0966) | −0.0371 (−0.439) |
Private specialist | 0.110 (0.636) | 0.0109 (0.174) | - | - | 0.0252 (0.343) | 0.0575 (0.531) | - | −0.175 * (−1.744) |
Consultant specialist | 0.00887 (0.0910) | - | −0.0133 (−0.891) | - | −0.0696 *** (−2.953) | 0.0936 (1.055) | 0.00859 (0.284) | −0.125 (−1.554) |
NHS specialist | −0.211 ** (−2.317) | 0.0378 (0.761) | 0.00196 (0.0956) | - | −0.00798 (−0.272) | −0.00387 (−0.127) | - | 0.264 ** (2.214) |
No. obs. | 321 | 153 | 242 | 26 | 321 | 191 | 257 | 321 |
Variables | (1) PPML | (2) PPML | (3) PPML | (4) OLS | (5) OLS Reset | (6) OLS Bootstrap |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weeks of pregnancy | 0.0411 *** (2.901) | 0.0428 *** (2.887) | 0.0344 ** (2.337) | 0.561 ** (2.171) | 0.902 (0.698) | 0.561 ** (2.268) |
Live births | - | −0.135 (−1.591) | −0.0924 (−1.061) | −1.304 (−1.238) | −2.009 (−0.679) | −1.304 (−1.229) |
Miscarriages | - | −0.0965 (−0.753) | −0.0279 (−0.230) | −0.716 (−0.490) | −1.209 (−0.451) | −0.716 (−0.481) |
VPI | - | 0.504 ** (2.022) | 0.469 * (1.749) | 9.046 (1.266) | 14.97 (0.535) | 9.046 (1.027) |
General practitioner | - | - | −0.833 (−1.333) | −8.004 * (−1.894) | −11.59 (−0.861) | −8.004 * (−1.823) |
Hospital specialist | - | - | −0.193 (−0.845) | −3.104 (−0.963) | −4.983 (−0.583) | −3.104 (−0.970) |
Private specialist | - | - | 0.391 (1.272) | 6.891 (1.118) | 11.44 (0.630) | 6.891 (1.082) |
Consultant specialist | - | - | 0.161 (0.718) | 2.848 (0.746) | 4.707 (0.557) | 2.848 (0.779) |
NHS specialist | - | - | −0.927 *** (−2.811) | −9.294 *** (−3.013) | −13.49 (−0.733) | −9.294 *** (−3.112) |
Squares of estimated values | - | - | - | - | −0.0266 (−0.222) | - |
Cubes of estimated values | - | - | - | - | 0.000287 (0.162) | - |
Constant | 1.982 *** (7.598) | 2.021 *** (7.823) | 2.251 *** (7.701) | 8.055 * (1.840) | 9.028 (1.141) | 8.055 * (1.951) |
No. obs. | 321 | 321 | 321 | 321 | 321 | 321 |
R squared | 0.025 | 0.043 | 0.081 | 0.088 | 0.089 | 0.088 |
Clinical Pathway | Full Sample | Not-EMA Sample | Foreign Women Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Weeks of pregnancy | 0.0789 (0.608) | 0.138 (0.736) | 0.116 (0.421) |
Foreign | 1.013 (0.886) | 1.547 (0.778) | - |
Live births | −1.175 *** (−3.385) | −2.783 *** (−3.314) | −1.439 (−1.529) |
Miscarriages | 0.0936 (0.226) | 0.0697 (0.0564) | - |
Voluntary pregnancy interruptions | 1.586 (0.703) | 2.836 (0.846) | −0.977 (−0.571) |
General practitioner | 0.702 (0.946) | 0.0644 (0.0202) | 7.091 (1.135) |
Hospital specialist | 1.270 (1.605) | 3.271 ** (2.042) | −0.945 (−0.208) |
Private specialist | 3.267 ** (2.304) | 6.046 ** (2.537) | −2.667 (−0.974) |
Consultant specialist | 2.203 ** (2.104) | 4.285 ** (2.005) | 6.244 (1.424) |
NHS specialist | 1.202 (0.973) | 3.774 (1.061) | 1.813 (0.462) |
DB1 | 20.63 *** (11.99) | 19.04 *** (8.357) | −3.199 (−1.400) |
DB2 | 11.25 *** (3.855) | 9.807 *** (2.626) | 21.98 ** (2.373) |
DB3 | 16.41 *** (4.425) | 15.06 *** (3.613) | 7.120 (0.582) |
DB4 | 15.95 *** (2.615) | 14.36 ** (2.190) | 19.55 * (1.651) |
DB5 | 6.135 ** (2.524) | 4.507 (1.316) | 15.91 * (1.853) |
DB6 | 1.383 (0.962) | −1.319 (−0.583) | 6.205 (0.552) |
DB7 | 0.765 (0.342) | 0.423 (0.142) | −0.533 (−0.0548) |
Maternal age | −0.961 (−0.596) | - | −0.869 (−0.0758) |
Constant | 27.64 *** (7.938) | 26.18 *** (6.859) | 29.33 *** (2.884) |
Number of observations | 2119 | 853 | 321 |
R Squared | 0.442 | 0.461 | 0.474 |
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Alderighi, S.; Landa, P.; Tànfani, E.; Testi, A. Assessing the Impact of Patient Characteristics on Genetic Clinical Pathways: A Regression Approach. Algorithms 2024, 17, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/a17020075
Alderighi S, Landa P, Tànfani E, Testi A. Assessing the Impact of Patient Characteristics on Genetic Clinical Pathways: A Regression Approach. Algorithms. 2024; 17(2):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/a17020075
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlderighi, Stefano, Paolo Landa, Elena Tànfani, and Angela Testi. 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Patient Characteristics on Genetic Clinical Pathways: A Regression Approach" Algorithms 17, no. 2: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/a17020075