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Volume 19
Issue 12
10.3390/ma19122531
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Review

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives for Environmental Remediation and Energy Devices

by
Raghavendra P. Bakale
1,
Sushant S. Kakati
2,
Shridhar N. Mathad
3,*,
Leena V. Hublikar
4,
Amita Somya
5,
Anish Khan
6,
Khalid A. Alzahrani
6,7,
Malik Abdul Rub
6 and
Naved Azum
6,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi 590001, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Engineering Physics, East Point College of Engineering and Technology, Bangalore 560049, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580020, Karnataka, India
4
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580020, Karnataka, India
5
Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Bangalore 562110, Karnataka, India
6
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
7
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2026, 19(12), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122531
Submission received: 30 March 2026 / Revised: 29 April 2026 / Accepted: 22 May 2026 / Published: 11 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Green Materials)
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Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials made of metal nodes coordinated by organic linkers. Their high surface areas, tunable pore sizes, adjustable chemical environments, and modular design make MOFs promising for two main application domains: environmental remediation and energy conversion or storage. In this review, we explore the applications of both newly designed MOFs and MOF-derived materials. These applications include catalysis, electrocatalysis, sensing, pollutant removal, batteries, supercapacitors, and other hybrid energy devices. We attempt to correlate MOF structure with key parameters, such as metal centers, ligands, defects, and porosity, to performance. We also discuss the future use of MOFs in real-world devices. This depends on overcoming challenges such as scalability, conductivity, stability, and environmental safety.
Keywords: metal–organic frameworks; environmental remediation; energy devices; adsorption; catalysis; electrocatalysis metal–organic frameworks; environmental remediation; energy devices; adsorption; catalysis; electrocatalysis
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bakale, R.P.; Kakati, S.S.; Mathad, S.N.; Hublikar, L.V.; Somya, A.; Khan, A.; Alzahrani, K.A.; Rub, M.A.; Azum, N. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives for Environmental Remediation and Energy Devices. Materials 2026, 19, 2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122531

AMA Style

Bakale RP, Kakati SS, Mathad SN, Hublikar LV, Somya A, Khan A, Alzahrani KA, Rub MA, Azum N. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives for Environmental Remediation and Energy Devices. Materials. 2026; 19(12):2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122531

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bakale, Raghavendra P., Sushant S. Kakati, Shridhar N. Mathad, Leena V. Hublikar, Amita Somya, Anish Khan, Khalid A. Alzahrani, Malik Abdul Rub, and Naved Azum. 2026. "Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives for Environmental Remediation and Energy Devices" Materials 19, no. 12: 2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122531

APA Style

Bakale, R. P., Kakati, S. S., Mathad, S. N., Hublikar, L. V., Somya, A., Khan, A., Alzahrani, K. A., Rub, M. A., & Azum, N. (2026). Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives for Environmental Remediation and Energy Devices. Materials, 19(12), 2531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19122531

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