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Article

Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys

by
André Pereira
1,
Ricardo Martins
1,
Bernardo Monteiro
1,
José B. Correia
2,
Andrei Galatanu
3,
Norberto Catarino
4,
Petra J. Belec
5 and
Marta Dias
4,*
1
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
2
Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
3
National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
4
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear (IPFN), Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
5
Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(5), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051030
Submission received: 23 January 2025 / Revised: 12 February 2025 / Accepted: 21 February 2025 / Published: 26 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Entropy Alloys: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
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Abstract

Nuclear fusion is a promising energy source. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor aims to study the feasibility of tokamak-type reactors and test technologies and materials for commercial use. One major challenge is developing materials for the reactor’s divertor, which supports high thermal flux. Tungsten was chosen as the plasma-facing material, while a CuCrZr alloy will be used in the cooling pipes. However, the gradient between the working temperatures of these materials requires the use of a thermal barrier interlayer between them. To this end, refractory high-entropy (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and sintering, and their thermal and irradiation resistance was evaluated. Both alloys showed phase growth after annealing at 1100 °C for 8 days, being more pronounced for higher temperatures (1300 °C and 1500 °C). The VFeTiTaW alloy presented greater phase growth, suggesting lower microstructural stability, however, no new phases were formed. Both (as-sintered) alloys were irradiated with Ar+ (150 keV) with a fluence of 2.4 × 1020 at/m2, as well as He+ (10 keV) and D+ (5 keV) both with a fluence of 5 × 1021 at/m2. The morphology of the surface of both samples was analyzed before and after irradiation showing no severe morphologic changes, indicating high irradiation resistance. Additionally, the VFeTiTaW alloy presented a lower deuterium retention (8.58%) when compared to (CrFeTiTa)70W30 alloy (14.41%).
Keywords: high-entropy alloy; nuclear fusion; microstructure; thermal barrier; irradiation high-entropy alloy; nuclear fusion; microstructure; thermal barrier; irradiation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pereira, A.; Martins, R.; Monteiro, B.; Correia, J.B.; Galatanu, A.; Catarino, N.; Belec, P.J.; Dias, M. Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys. Materials 2025, 18, 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051030

AMA Style

Pereira A, Martins R, Monteiro B, Correia JB, Galatanu A, Catarino N, Belec PJ, Dias M. Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys. Materials. 2025; 18(5):1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051030

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pereira, André, Ricardo Martins, Bernardo Monteiro, José B. Correia, Andrei Galatanu, Norberto Catarino, Petra J. Belec, and Marta Dias. 2025. "Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys" Materials 18, no. 5: 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051030

APA Style

Pereira, A., Martins, R., Monteiro, B., Correia, J. B., Galatanu, A., Catarino, N., Belec, P. J., & Dias, M. (2025). Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys. Materials, 18(5), 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051030

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