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10.3390/ma18040864
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Article

The Study of Soliton Mode-Locked and Bound States in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Based on Cr2S3 Saturable Absorbers

by
Dong Li
,
Ruizhan Zhai
*,
Yongjing Wu
*,
Minzhe Liu
,
Kun Zhao
,
Qi Yang
,
Youwei Dong
,
Xiaoying Li
,
Xiaoyang Wu
and
Zhongqing Jia
Shandong Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensing Technologies/National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy and Environment Fiber Smart Sensing Technologies, Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250104, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(4), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040864
Submission received: 21 December 2024 / Revised: 7 February 2025 / Accepted: 10 February 2025 / Published: 16 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Materials and Technologies in Materials Science)
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Abstract

Femtosecond fiber lasers are widely utilized across various fields and also serve as an ideal platform for studying soliton dynamics. Bound-state solitons, as a significant soliton dynamic phenomenon, attract widespread attention and research interest because of their potential applications in high-speed optical communication, all-optical information storage, quantum computing, optical switching, and high-resolution spectroscopy. We investigate the effects of pump power variations on the formation of mode-locked solitons and bound-state solitons in a femtosecond fiber laser with a Cr2S3 saturable absorber (SA) through numerical simulations while observing the transition, formation, and break-up process of bound soliton pulses. By optimizing the cavity structure and adjusting the net dispersion, the mode-locked soliton is obtained based on this SA. This is the narrowest solitons produced by this SA to date, exhibiting the smallest time-bandwidth product. Moreover, stable double-bound solitons and unique (2 + 1) triple-bound solitons are successfully obtained. The diverse bound-state solitons not only demonstrate the excellent nonlinear absorption properties of Cr2S3 as a saturable absorber but also expand the scope of applications for Cr2S3 saturable absorbers in fiber lasers.
Keywords: bound-state solitons; Cr2S3 saturable absorber; soliton mode-locking bound-state solitons; Cr2S3 saturable absorber; soliton mode-locking

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, D.; Zhai, R.; Wu, Y.; Liu, M.; Zhao, K.; Yang, Q.; Dong, Y.; Li, X.; Wu, X.; Jia, Z. The Study of Soliton Mode-Locked and Bound States in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Based on Cr2S3 Saturable Absorbers. Materials 2025, 18, 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040864

AMA Style

Li D, Zhai R, Wu Y, Liu M, Zhao K, Yang Q, Dong Y, Li X, Wu X, Jia Z. The Study of Soliton Mode-Locked and Bound States in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Based on Cr2S3 Saturable Absorbers. Materials. 2025; 18(4):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040864

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Dong, Ruizhan Zhai, Yongjing Wu, Minzhe Liu, Kun Zhao, Qi Yang, Youwei Dong, Xiaoying Li, Xiaoyang Wu, and Zhongqing Jia. 2025. "The Study of Soliton Mode-Locked and Bound States in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Based on Cr2S3 Saturable Absorbers" Materials 18, no. 4: 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040864

APA Style

Li, D., Zhai, R., Wu, Y., Liu, M., Zhao, K., Yang, Q., Dong, Y., Li, X., Wu, X., & Jia, Z. (2025). The Study of Soliton Mode-Locked and Bound States in Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Based on Cr2S3 Saturable Absorbers. Materials, 18(4), 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040864

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