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Volume 18
Issue 12
10.3390/ma18122794
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Influence of Different Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Zn Ions on Unmodified Waste Eggshells

by
Elena Petronela Bran
1,
Oana-Irina Patriciu
2,
Luminița Grosu
2,
Irina-Claudia Alexa
2,*,
Brîndușa Bălănucă
3,
Adrian-Ionuț Nicoară
4,5 and
Adriana-Luminița Fînaru
2,*
1
Doctoral School, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 157, Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacău, Romania
2
Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 157, Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacău, Romania
3
Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7, Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
4
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7, Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
5
National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(12), 2794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122794
Submission received: 30 April 2025 / Revised: 6 June 2025 / Accepted: 9 June 2025 / Published: 13 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Their Applications (2nd Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

The need to use environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods to remove heavy metals from wastewater is a permanent concern worldwide. Eggshells have been indicated as a worthy biosorbent for the adsorption of heavy metals due to their bioavailability and composition. In the present study, the absorption capacity of untreated chicken (CEs) and quail (QEs) eggshells for the removal of Pb and Zn ions from aqueous solutions was evaluated at room temperature and 40 °C, using four types of agitation systems: classical and orbital agitation and ultrasonic and microwave-assisted activation. The monitoring of aqueous solutions was performed by electrochemical and spectro-analytical (AAS) procedures before and after the adsorption process. FTIR and RAMAN spectroscopy, SEM-EDAX microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the characteristics of eggshell samples post-exposure to Pb2+ or Zn2+. For any type of agitation and temperature, the CEs were able to induce more than 65% removal efficiency for lead and over 80% in the case of zinc. Concerning the Zn removal efficiency of QEs, notable results were recorded when microwaves were applied (>90%) and at 40 °C for orbital shaking and ultrasound (>80%). The results of the present study may offer new and valuable information for the optimal removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ using eggshells, thus contributing to the sustainable management of waste through the recycling of this type of biomaterial.
Keywords: food waste; heavy metal; biosorption; agitation-activation system food waste; heavy metal; biosorption; agitation-activation system

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bran, E.P.; Patriciu, O.-I.; Grosu, L.; Alexa, I.-C.; Bălănucă, B.; Nicoară, A.-I.; Fînaru, A.-L. The Influence of Different Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Zn Ions on Unmodified Waste Eggshells. Materials 2025, 18, 2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122794

AMA Style

Bran EP, Patriciu O-I, Grosu L, Alexa I-C, Bălănucă B, Nicoară A-I, Fînaru A-L. The Influence of Different Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Zn Ions on Unmodified Waste Eggshells. Materials. 2025; 18(12):2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122794

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bran, Elena Petronela, Oana-Irina Patriciu, Luminița Grosu, Irina-Claudia Alexa, Brîndușa Bălănucă, Adrian-Ionuț Nicoară, and Adriana-Luminița Fînaru. 2025. "The Influence of Different Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Zn Ions on Unmodified Waste Eggshells" Materials 18, no. 12: 2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122794

APA Style

Bran, E. P., Patriciu, O.-I., Grosu, L., Alexa, I.-C., Bălănucă, B., Nicoară, A.-I., & Fînaru, A.-L. (2025). The Influence of Different Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Zn Ions on Unmodified Waste Eggshells. Materials, 18(12), 2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122794

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