Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Stability for Asphalt Binder Modified with Crumb Rubber and Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Depending on Evaluation Factors and Blending Condition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Materials
2.2. Production and Sampling of CRM+SIS Asphalt Binders
- Method A: High-shear mixing (8000 rpm) for 2 h.
- Method B: Low-speed agitating (700 rpm) for 2 h.
- Method C: High-shear mixing (8000 rpm) for 2 h + low mixing (300 rpm) for 6 h.
- Method D: Low-speed agitating (700 rpm) for 2 h + Low mixing (300 rpm) for 6 h.
2.3. Binder Evaluation
2.3.1. Rheological Properties
2.3.2. Separation Index (SI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rheological Properties for Original Condition
3.1.1. G*/sin δ
3.1.2. Jnr and % rec δ
3.2. Storage Stability Results
3.2.1. SI Result Based on G*/sin δ
3.2.2. SI Result Based on Jnr and % Rec
3.3. Comparative Analysis of the SI Based on Each Factor in Mixing Methods
3.4. Statistical Analysis among SI Results
4. Summary and Conclusions
- (1)
- Overall, the addition of the modifier increased the G*/sin δ values, correlating with the CRM increase. Additionally, different mixing methods and modifier contents resulted in varied effects on G*/sin δ. Groups with a low-speed mixing for 6 h exhibited lower G*/sin δ values, indicating a suboptimal SIS performance based on the chain cracking of SIS. These results emphasize the importance of considering modifying the methods and duration for optimal binder performance.
- (2)
- The rheological properties using Jnr and % rec revealed consistent trends similar to G*/sin δ evaluation, indicating a decreasing Jnr value and increasing % rec value with a higher CRM content. In general, under a low load (0.1 kPa), lower Jnr and higher % rec values suggest improved elastic recovery than under a load of 3.2 kPa. Moreover, using higher loads (3.2 kPa) and a long-term modification method showed a significant decrease in elasticity, highlighting increased sensitivity compared to the G*/sin δ evaluation. These findings emphasize the clearer understanding of reduced elasticity in modified binder under prolonged high-temperature modification.
- (3)
- The storage stability of the binder was evaluated using G*/sin δ, revealing consistent trends in the high-shear mixing groups (A and C) with a downward SI trend, indicating uniform modifier dispersion. The low-speed mixing groups (B and D) showed an elevated SI, possibly due to the uneven SIS dispersion causing re-agglomeration. Method D exhibited a lower SI compared to Method B, which is attributed to the increased G*/sin δ values of bottom part from prolonged high-temperature modification, indicating SIS sensitivity to modification conditions. Thus, SIS exhibits significant sensitivity to both the modification method and temperature during asphalt binder modification.
- (4)
- The storage stability of the binder was evaluated using the MSCR method, which involved calculating the SI based on Jnr and % rec values. Jnr-based SI values showed consistency across loading conditions due to the narrow range of Jnr values, whereas the % rec-based SI exhibited fluctuation, attributed to its wider range. Particularly, at a 3.2 kPa load, the % rec values significantly increased, indicating enhanced elasticity measurement under higher loads. Thus, % rec with a 3.2 kPa load is effective for the sensitive evaluation of binder storage stability using the MSCR method.
- (5)
- Jnr, a factor in evaluating the storage stability, shows no significant difference across varying loads, likely due to its limited range (<10 kPa−1), hindering sensitive SI measurement. Thus, % rec is preferred for precise SI evaluation, offering a broader range (0 to 100%). In addition, despite the ASTM D7173 guidelines permitting DSR and MSCR tests for binder assessment, achieving consistent results regarding modified binder separation between G*/sin δ, Jnr, and % rec parameters remains challenging. These results also unveiled variances through statistical analysis.
- (6)
- This research exclusively employed a CRM and SIS; hence, the investigation into the behavior of other modifiers is required. In the future, a comprehensive analysis will likely necessitate the inclusion of diverse modifiers and a deeper examination of their direct influence on asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, to assess the degree of separation between the binder and the modifier, along with conducting a phase separation analysis of the binder, it is crucial to consider suitable evaluation factors. It is anticipated that endeavors will be required to establish an optimal evaluation method.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aging States | Test Properties | Test Result | Minimum Specification |
---|---|---|---|
Unaged binder | Viscosity @ 135 °C | 527 cP | <3000 cP |
G*/sin δ @ 64 °C | 1.373 kPa | >1.00 kPa | |
RTFO aged residual | G*/sin δ @ 64 °C | 3.751 kPa | >2.2 kPa |
RTFO + PAV Aged residual | G*sin δ @ 25 °C | 4245 kPa | <5000 kPa |
Stiffness @ −12 °C | 214 MPa | <300 MPa | |
m-value @ −12 °C | 0.318 | > 0.3 |
Sieve Number (μm) | Passing Rate (%) |
---|---|
30 (600) | 100 |
50 (300) | 57.7 |
100 (150) | 14.2 |
200 (75) | 0.0 |
Polymer Structure | Linear |
---|---|
Styrene, wt % | 15 |
Diblock, wt % | 18 |
Melt flow, g/10min (200 °C/5kg) | 11 |
Solution viscosity, cps | 1240 |
Ash, wt % | 0.3 |
Volatiles, wt % | 0.2 |
Specific gravity | 0.92 |
Tensile strength, psi (MPa) | 3600 (25) |
Elongation, % | 1250 |
Hardness, shore A | 33 |
CRM5% + SIS10% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G*/sin δ (kPa) | Jnr (0.1 kPa−1) | Jnr (3.2 kPa−1) | % rec (0.1 kPa−1) | % rec (3.2 kPa−1) | ||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | |||
CRM5% + SIS10% | G*/sin δ (kPa) | A | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S |
B | - | S | S | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||
C | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | S | ||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||
Jnr (0.1 kPa−1) | A | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | |||||
B | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||
C | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | ||||||||
D | - | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||||
Jnr (3.2 kPa−1) | A | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | |||||||||
B | - | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||
C | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | ||||||||||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||||
% rec (0.1 kPa−1) | A | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | |||||||||||||
B | - | S | N | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||||||
C | - | S | S | S | S | S | ||||||||||||||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||||||||
% rec (3.2 kPa−1) | A | - | S | S | S | |||||||||||||||||
B | - | S | N | |||||||||||||||||||
C | - | S | ||||||||||||||||||||
D | - |
CRM10% + SIS10% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G*/sin δ (kPa) | Jnr (0.1 kPa−1) | Jnr (3.2 kPa−1) | % rec (0.1 kPa−1) | % rec (3.2 kPa−1) | ||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | |||
CRM10% + SIS10% | G*/sin δ (kPa) | A | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S |
B | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||
C | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | ||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | S | |||||
Jnr (0.1 kPa−1) | A | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | |||||
B | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||
C | - | S | S | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | ||||||||
D | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | N | |||||||||
Jnr (3.2 kPa−1) | A | - | S | N | S | N | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | |||||||||
B | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||
C | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | ||||||||||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | |||||||||||||
% rec (0.1 kPa−1) | A | - | S | N | S | N | S | N | S | |||||||||||||
B | - | S | N | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||||||
C | - | S | N | S | N | S | ||||||||||||||||
D | - | S | S | S | S | |||||||||||||||||
% rec (3.2 kPa−1) | A | - | S | N | S | |||||||||||||||||
B | - | S | N | |||||||||||||||||||
C | - | S | ||||||||||||||||||||
D | - |
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Yun, J.; Vigneswaran, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, M.-S.; Lee, S.-J. Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Stability for Asphalt Binder Modified with Crumb Rubber and Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Depending on Evaluation Factors and Blending Condition. Materials 2024, 17, 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092091
Yun J, Vigneswaran S, Kim H, Lee M-S, Lee S-J. Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Stability for Asphalt Binder Modified with Crumb Rubber and Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Depending on Evaluation Factors and Blending Condition. Materials. 2024; 17(9):2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092091
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun, Jihyeon, Shyaamkrishnan Vigneswaran, Hyunhwan Kim, Moon-Sup Lee, and Soon-Jae Lee. 2024. "Laboratory Evaluation of Storage Stability for Asphalt Binder Modified with Crumb Rubber and Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Depending on Evaluation Factors and Blending Condition" Materials 17, no. 9: 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092091