Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Crack Width of Asphalt Concrete on the Repair Effect of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Sample Preparation
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Bacterial Culture and Cementing Solution
2.3. Crack Repair Methods
3. Evaluation of Repair Effect
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Indirect Tensile Strength
3.3. Static Creep Test
3.4. SEM/EDS
4. Analysis and Evaluation of the Effect of Repairing the Width of Small Cracks (≤1.5 mm)
4.1. Observation of Repair Effect
4.2. UPV
4.3. UCS
4.4. ITS
4.5. Permanent Deformation
4.6. SEM/EDS Analysis
5. Analysis and Evaluation of the Effect of Repairing Large-Width Cracks (3 mm)
5.1. Effect of MICP Repair for Different Types of Fibers
- (1)
- In the MICP repair process, the different fibers added in the cracks, even though they have the same quality, show different repair effects due to their different softness and volume, resulting in different distribution patterns in the cracks and different interaction relationships with the asphalt binder, aggregates, and MICP products.
- (2)
- In the case of basalt fiber, its texture is hard, and it plays the role of strengthening the interconnection between calcium carbonate particles, and also provides the landing point for bacteria; in the case of polyester fiber, its texture is soft and it is more aggregated and distributed under the infiltration of slurry, which plays the local geotextile effect; for glass fiber, its softness and hardness are between basalt fiber and polyester fiber, and due to its longer length, it becomes entangled in the cracks. This winding effect can also strengthen the cementation between calcium carbonate particles, aggregates, and fibers to a certain extent; in the case of steel fibers, it has the hardest texture and the largest mass in the same volume, and the interlocking between fibers can also lead to the local siltation of calcium carbonate when repairing cracks via MICP due to the sinking through gravity, resulting in the effect with steel fibers where the MICP repair only occurs in a certain depth range of the cracks.
5.2. Investigation of Optimal Fiber Doping
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- The wave speed increased from 1545.36, 1536.96, and 1528.65 m/s to 1824.52, 1734.97, and 1683.33 m/s for crack widths of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm, respectively, and the uniaxial compressive strength for the MICP-repaired samples also increased compared to the unrepaired samples by 78.94%, 67.67%, and 48.12%, respectively. In addition, the recovery rates of indirect tensile strength were 34.68%, 32.19%, and 13.64%, respectively.
- (2)
- The static creep test results showed that the creep modulus of the MICP samples was finally stabilized at 123.85 MPa, 54.83 MPa, and 49.83 MPa after 3600 s of constant pressure loading, indicating that the repaired MICP with a crack width of 0.5 mm had greater resistance to deformation.
- (3)
- SEM and EDS images showed that the MICP product of this study was CaCO3, which was mainly in the form of spherical calcite. the particle size of CaCO3 was mostly concentrated within 10 μm, with an average value of 4.54 μm.
- (4)
- The results of MICP combined with different fibers to repair large-width cracks showed that the addition of fibers contributed to the filling effect of the MICP product in the cracks of the as-built concrete. the UCS results showed that the optimum dose was about 0.18 g/cm3 for glass fibers, about 0.83 g/cm3 for steel fibers, and over 0.31 g/cm3 for polyester and basalt fibers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Definition |
MICP | microbially induced calcium precipitation |
SEM | scanning electron microscope |
EDS | energy dispersive spectrometer |
CAEM | cold asphalt emulsion mixes |
UPV | ultrasonic pulse velocity |
UCS | uniaxial compressive strength |
ITS | indirect tensile strength |
BF | basalt fiber |
PF | polyester fiber |
GF | glass fiber |
SF | steel fiber |
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particle size (mm) | 0–0.125 | 0.125–0.5 | 0.5–3 | 3–6 | 6–9 |
Mass fraction (%) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 34.1 | 23.9 | 18.4 |
Crack Widths | Whether to Add Fiber | Nondestructive Testing UPV | Destructive Testing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UCS | ITS | Creep | ||||
Small widths | 0.5 mm | / | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1.0 mm | / | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
1.5 mm | / | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Large width | 3.0 mm | √ | / | √ | / | / |
Element | The First Test | The Second Test | The Third Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wt % | Wt % Sigma | Atomic % | Wt % | Wt % Sigma | Atomic % | Wt % | Wt % Sigma | Atomic % | |
C | 15.09 | 0.09 | 24.83 | 13.47 | 0.10 | 22.41 | 13.59 | 0.15 | 20.71 |
O | 44.83 | 0.12 | 55.40 | 45.95 | 0.14 | 57.37 | 42.97 | 0.17 | 55.23 |
Ca | 40.08 | 0.10 | 19.77 | 40.58 | 0.12 | 20.22 | 43.44 | 0.12 | 24.06 |
Total | 100 | / | 100 | 100 | / | 100 | 100 | / | 100 |
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Fan, L.; Zheng, J.; Peng, S.; Xun, Z.; Chen, G. Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Crack Width of Asphalt Concrete on the Repair Effect of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation. Materials 2023, 16, 3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093576
Fan L, Zheng J, Peng S, Xun Z, Chen G. Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Crack Width of Asphalt Concrete on the Repair Effect of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093576
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Ling, Jinghong Zheng, Shuquan Peng, Zhize Xun, and Guoliang Chen. 2023. "Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Crack Width of Asphalt Concrete on the Repair Effect of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation" Materials 16, no. 9: 3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093576