Characterization of Volcano-Sedimentary Rocks and Related Scraps for Design of Sustainable Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Volcanic Products
2.2. Chemical and Physical Characterization
2.3. Thermal Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Chemical and Physical Characterization
3.1.1. Particle Grain Size Analysis
3.1.2. Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses
3.1.3. pH, Specific Conductivity and Density
3.1.4. SEM Analysis
- A wide grain size range between 20 and 400 μm;
- Low mutual densification between particles;
- Particles with irregular shapes and jagged edges;
- High interparticle porosity regardless of particle size.
- A high proportion of particles with sizes in the range 100–200 micron;
- Particles with a more regular shape than those of the lapillus sample;
- Greater interparticle thickening;
- Presence of non-porous glassy zones (circled in Figure 11b) corresponding to the vitreous fraction detected by XRD (79.7%).
3.2. Thermal Characterization
3.2.1. Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA)
- Up to a temperature of about 200 °C, there was a loss of moisture resulting in a loss of about 0.5% of the initial weight;
- Between 500 °C and 1000 °C, substantial stability of the material was noted during heating;
- Around 1200 °C, there was an endothermic peak due to the melting of the crystalline lattice constituting the material, which as confirmed by the mineralogical analysis data, has an exclusively crystalline microstructure (approx. 87%).
- Up to a temperature of about 200 °C, there was a loss of moisture;
- Between 400 °C and 500 °C, there was a loss of reticular water most probably related to biotite;
- Around 1200 °C, there was an endothermic peak due to the melting of the crystalline phases.
3.2.2. Hot Stage Microscopy
- Sintering temperature: the temperature at which the sample is reduced by about 5% and the sintering process of the grains begins;
- Softening temperature: the temperature at which the sample takes on a plastic character, and both the upper profile and the edges tend to round off;
- Sphere temperature: the temperature at which the height and width have the same magnitude, resulting in a spherical shape;
- Semi-sphere temperature: the temperature at which the width of the sample reaches dimensions twice as large as the height;
- Melting temperature: the temperature at which the width of the sample is three times its height.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Due to the lightness of the volcanic products, they can be used in the design and preparation of lightweight aggregates useful for agronomic purposes or in the construction field;
- Due to their aluminosilicate nature together with the presence of an amorphous fraction, pumice and lapillus can play the role of precursor for geopolymer preparation;
- Zeolitic tuff can be exploited for flue gas treatment, which is made possible by its porous nature and open structures with high surface areas;
- Due to the presence of feldspathic phase (sanidine), volcanic debris can be used in tile production as the melting component. Thanks to its pozzolanic activity and calcium content it could also be used in binders as supplementary cementitious material or as aggregate.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Mineralogical Phase | Lapillus | Pumice | Zeolitic Tuff | Arlena Sand | Tessennano Sand |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amorphous | 16.1 | 79.7 | 11.0 | 61.7 | 78.2 |
Quartz (SiO2) | - | 1.1 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.0 |
Sanidine (K,Na)(Si,Al)4O8 | 19.8 | 11.2 | - | 18.2 | 16.0 |
Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) | 26.4 | 3.0 | - | 3.2 | 3.0 |
Biotite (K(Mg,Fe2+)3(AlSi3O10(OH,F)2) | - | - | 6.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
Chabazite (Ca,Na2,K2,Mg)Al2Si4O12∙6H2O | - | - | 54.0 | 9.4 | - |
Phyllipsite (Ca,Na2,K2)Al6Si10O32∙12H2O | - | - | 6.0 | - | - |
Analcime (NaAlSi2O6∙H2O) | 6.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
Pyroxenes | - | - | 2.0 | - | - |
Feldspars | - | - | 19 | - | - |
Diopside (CaMgSi2O6) | 19.0 | - | - | 2.5 | - |
Muscovite (KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2) | - | 3.8 | - | - | - |
Phlogopite (KMg3(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2) | - | 0.6 | - | - | - |
Hematite (Fe2O3) | 4.9 | - | - | - | - |
Plagioclase (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 | 5.8 | - | - | - | - |
Mica X2Y4–6Z8O20(OH,F)4 | 1.9 | - | - | - | - |
Samples | True Density (kg/m3) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
Lapillus | 2843.8 ± 0.6 | 750–1150 |
Pumice | 2579.3 ± 1.6 | 480–880 |
Zeolitic tuff | 2284.3 ± 1.1 | 700–1000 |
Arlena sand | 2475.0 ± 0.8 | 900–1100 |
Tessennano sand | 2435.2 ± 1.0 | 900–1100 |
Average Chemical Composition (EDS) | Lapillus (Crystalline Zone) | Pumice (Crystalline Zone) | Pumice (Amorphous Zone) |
---|---|---|---|
O | 53.9% | 52.6% | 61.7% |
Si | 19.8% | 21.5% | 16.4% |
Al | 8.9% | 9.4% | 6.5% |
Fe | 5.8% | 3.9% | 2.7% |
K | 2.6% | 3.7% | 0.3% |
Na | 2.6% | 2.8% | Traces |
Mg | 1.3% | 1.6% | 4.8% |
Ti | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% |
Ca | - | 4.5% | 7.2% |
P | 0.3% | - | - |
Samples | T Sintering (°C) | T Softening (°C) | T Sphere (°C) | T Semi-Sphere (°C) | T Melting (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lapillus | 1132 | 1181 | n.a. | n.a. | 1224 |
Pumice | 972 | 1004 | n.a. | 1274 | 1319 |
Zeolitic tuff | 949 | 1144 | n.a. | 1245 | 1314 |
Arlena sand | 970 | 1210 | n.a. | 1298 | 1341 |
Tessennano sand | 1033 | 1227 | n.a. | 1307 | 1347 |
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Barbieri, L.; Altimari, F.; Andreola, F.; Maggi, B.; Lancellotti, I. Characterization of Volcano-Sedimentary Rocks and Related Scraps for Design of Sustainable Materials. Materials 2023, 16, 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093408
Barbieri L, Altimari F, Andreola F, Maggi B, Lancellotti I. Characterization of Volcano-Sedimentary Rocks and Related Scraps for Design of Sustainable Materials. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093408
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbieri, Luisa, Fabiana Altimari, Fernanda Andreola, Bruno Maggi, and Isabella Lancellotti. 2023. "Characterization of Volcano-Sedimentary Rocks and Related Scraps for Design of Sustainable Materials" Materials 16, no. 9: 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093408