Applications of Light-Based 3D Bioprinting and Photoactive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Light-Based 3D Bioprinting Methods and Applications
2.1. Light-Based Inkjet 3D Bioprinting
2.2. Light-Based Extrusion 3D Bioprinting
2.3. Suspension Bioprinting
2.4. Stereolithography, SLA
2.5. Digital Light Processing, DLP
2.6. Computed Axial Lithography (CAL)
3. Biological Properties of 3D Bioprinting Hydrogels
3.1. Photo-Initiators (PIs)
3.1.1. Norrish Type I PIs
Light-Based Printing Techs | Explanations | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inkjet-based bioprinting | Ink droplets are propelled out of a microscopic orifice via thermal or piezoelectric actuation and deposited drop by drop on the platform to fabricate a 3D structure. | High printing resolution. Able to print multi-materials. | Difficult to print large-scale structures. Unable to print with bio-inks of high viscosity. Tend to generate satellite droplets during printing. Shear stress that may impact cell viability. | [41,42,43] |
Extrusion-based bioprinting | Selectively deposit bio-inks layer by layer on the printing platform. | Wide range of bio-ink viscosity. Moderate printing time. Able to print multi-materials. | Shear stress that may impact cell viability. Limited printing resolution. Limited complexity of the printed structures. Limited printing speed. | [32,53,54] |
Suspension-based bioprinting | Bio-ink is extruded into a gel bath that is immiscible with the printed ink layer by layer, providing adequate support for shaping the bio-ink. After the completion of printing, the gel is washed away. | Provide support for bio-ink with poor mechanical properties. Provide biological environment which supports cell growth. Able to print omnidirectionally. Able to print complex structures with a high aspect ratio. | Limited suspension medium choices. | [48,55,89,90] |
SLA-based bioprinting | Focused laser is used to selectively solidify the bio-ink layer by layer. | High printing resolution. Able to manufacture complex structures. | Limited in manufacturing scalable products. Unable to print multi-materials. Only suitable for bio-ink with low viscosity. | [58,59] |
DLP-based bioprinting | A projector based on the digital micromirror device (DMD) or liquid crystal display (LCD) is used to solidify photoactive bio-inks with pre-designed form layer by layer. | High printing resolution. High printing speed. Able to manufacture complex structures. Able to manufacture scalable products. | Limited bio-ink choices. Unable to print multi-materials. Only suitable for bio-ink with low viscosity. | [63,64,66] |
CAL-based bioprinting | A designed sequence of light patterns is projected onto a rotating printing reservoir containing bio-ink. The bio-ink can be solidified volumetrically. | Able to manufacture complex structures. Rapid printing speed for large constructs. Exceptional fidelity. Smooth surface for the printing structures. Wide range of bio-ink viscosity. | Limited bio-ink choices. Only suitable for transparent bio-inks. Limited printing resolution. | [68,91] |
3.1.2. Norrish Type II PIs
3.2. Biomaterials for Light-Based 3D Bioprinting
3.2.1. Gelatin
3.2.2. Chitosan
3.2.3. Alginate
3.2.4. Hyaluronic Acid
3.2.5. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (dECM)
3.3. Properties of Bio-Inks
4. Applications of Light-Based Bioprinting
4.1. Liver Tissue Engineering
4.2. Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
4.3. Skin Tissue Regeneration
4.4. Bone Tissue Regeneration
5. Summary and Outlook
- The printing methods have limited printing resolution, up to 20 μm. Thus, the development of novel printers capable of achieving higher printing resolution is quite necessary.
- Although many biomaterials and PIs have been developed recently, the variety of materials for light-based extrusion 3D bioprinting is relatively limited. The selection of bio-inks suitable for SLA and DLP remains constrained. Hence, the development of new bio-inks and a universal bio-ink toolbox for 3D bioprinting is an important direction.
- The production of cell-damaging species, such as initiator fragments, has a negative impact on cell fate and viability. Developing efficient and non-toxic PIs is, therefore, essential. An effective strategy for enhancing the biocompatibility of bio-ink formulations is to develop macromolecular photo-initiators with low mobility.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PI | Structure | λmax/nm | Solubility g/L | Toxicity LC50 [mmol/dm3] | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irgacure 2959 | 296 | 5 | 9.0 | [86] | |
APi-180 | 329 | 74 | 8.7 | [86] | |
LAP | 375 | 47 | 3.1 | [86] | |
Na-TPO | 380 | 29 | ˂0.56 | [86] | |
BAPO-OLi | 383 | 54 | 2.6 | [86] | |
BAPO-ONa | 383 | 60 | 2.8 | [86] |
Tissue or Organ Type | Light-Based Bioprinting Technology | Applications | Development Directions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Extrusion | Fabrication of biological livers and in vitro liver models for purposes such as liver regeneration, drug screening, metabolism research, and the study of hepatotoxicity | The construction of a perfusable high-density biomimetic vascular network in the printed liver tissue. | [66,179,183,184,185,186,187] |
SLA | ||||
DLP | ||||
CAL | ||||
Bone | Inkjet | Fabrication of a framework to improve cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, then to further integrate with the native tissue. | Developing bio-inks with improved mechanical properties for seamless integration with native bone tissue. | [188,189,190,191,192,193,194] |
Extrusion | ||||
SLA | ||||
DLP | ||||
CAL | ||||
Cardiac tissue | Extrusion | Fabrication of cardiac tissue capable of the regeneration of different structures in a human heart. Building in vitro cardiac models for studying cardiovascular diseases | To develop materials with good flexibility and elasticity suitable for the encapsulation of related cells. | [39,40,61,195,196,197,198] |
Suspension | ||||
SLA | ||||
DLP | ||||
Skin | Inkjet | Printing skin replicas for the repair of skin damage. Fabricating skin models to study the pathophysiology of skin diseases. | Developing skin-specific biomimetic bio-inks and the regeneration of skin appendages. Developing multilayered complex skin models. | [180,199,200,201] |
Extrusion | ||||
SLA | ||||
DLP | ||||
Cartilage | Inkjet | Printing cartilage implants for the regeneration of damaged cartilage. Building models for drug testing | Fabrication cartilage structures exhibit mechanical compatibility with the damaged sites. Constructing integrated bone-cartilage tissues and grafts | [60,181,202,203,204,205,206] |
Extrusion | ||||
SLA | ||||
DLP | ||||
CAL |
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Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y. Applications of Light-Based 3D Bioprinting and Photoactive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Materials 2023, 16, 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237461
Zhang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang Y. Applications of Light-Based 3D Bioprinting and Photoactive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Materials. 2023; 16(23):7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237461
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xueqin, Xin Zhang, Ying Li, and Yuxuan Zhang. 2023. "Applications of Light-Based 3D Bioprinting and Photoactive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering" Materials 16, no. 23: 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237461