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10.3390/ma16227196
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Article

Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C

by
Mavindra Ramadhani
1,
Andromeda Dwi Laksono
1,
Chien-Lung Liang
1,
Chiao-Yi Yang
1,
Kuo-Jung Chen
1,
Yee-Wen Yen
1,2,* and
Hsien-Ming Hsiao
3
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10633, Taiwan
2
Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development Center (SEED Center), National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10633, Taiwan
3
National Atomic Research Institute, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196
Submission received: 26 October 2023 / Revised: 10 November 2023 / Accepted: 14 November 2023 / Published: 16 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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Abstract

The phase equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and the solid-state reaction couple for the Au-xAg/Al system were investigated isothermally at 450 °C. By investigating the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and its isothermal section, this study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the phase stability and interfacial reactions between different phases. This information is crucial for designing materials and processes in electronic packaging, with the potential to reduce costs and improve reliability. There were seven single-phase regions, thirteen two-phase regions, and six three-phase regions, with no ternary intermetallic compound (IMC) formed in the isothermal section of the Ag-Al-Au ternary system. When the Au-25 wt.% Ag/Al couple was aged at 450 °C for 240–1500 h, the AuAl2, Au2Al, and Au4Al phases formed at the interface. When the Ag contents increased to 50 and 75 wt.%, the Ag2Al, AuAl2, and Au4Al phases formed at the interface. When the aging time increased from 240 h to 1500 h, the total IMC thickness in all Au-xAg/Al couples became thicker, but the types of IMCs formed at the interface did not change. The total IMC thickness also increased with the increase in the Ag content. When the Ag content was greater than 25 wt.%, the Au2Al phase was converted into the Ag2Al phase. The IMC growth mechanism in all of the couples followed a reaction-controlled process.
Keywords: Ag-Al-Au ternary system; solid-state reaction couple; Au-xAg/Al system; isothermal section; intermetallic compound (IMC); reaction controlled Ag-Al-Au ternary system; solid-state reaction couple; Au-xAg/Al system; isothermal section; intermetallic compound (IMC); reaction controlled
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramadhani, M.; Laksono, A.D.; Liang, C.-L.; Yang, C.-Y.; Chen, K.-J.; Yen, Y.-W.; Hsiao, H.-M. Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C. Materials 2023, 16, 7196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196

AMA Style

Ramadhani M, Laksono AD, Liang C-L, Yang C-Y, Chen K-J, Yen Y-W, Hsiao H-M. Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C. Materials. 2023; 16(22):7196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramadhani, Mavindra, Andromeda Dwi Laksono, Chien-Lung Liang, Chiao-Yi Yang, Kuo-Jung Chen, Yee-Wen Yen, and Hsien-Ming Hsiao. 2023. "Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C" Materials 16, no. 22: 7196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196

APA Style

Ramadhani, M., Laksono, A. D., Liang, C.-L., Yang, C.-Y., Chen, K.-J., Yen, Y.-W., & Hsiao, H.-M. (2023). Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C. Materials, 16(22), 7196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196

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