Study on Deterioration Law and Mechanism of Gray Brick Due to Salt Crystallization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Material
2.1.1. Gray Brick
2.1.2. Type and Concentration of Salt
- (1)
- Choice of soluble salt. The salt used in the test is classified as sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, according to the characteristic table of chemical composition of groundwater in Kaifeng City [26]. The cations in surface water are mainly Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, accounting for 43.6%, 36.1% and 20.3% of the total content, respectively. The anions are dominated by HCO3−, accounting for 71.7% of the total, followed by SO42−, accounting for 16.8%, and the content of Cl− is the lowest, accounting for only 11.4% changes. The types of anions and cations in the groundwater are the same as those in the surface water, only their content varies.
- (2)
- Determination of salt solution concentration. According to the characteristics table of groundwater chemical components in Kaifeng City [26] and the XRF test results of salt frost collected from the surface of the north side of Kaifeng City Wall at different heights, 1%, 3%, and 5% were finally set as the test salt solution concentration values.
2.2. Cyclic Deterioration Test
2.3. Nominal Strength Test
2.4. Compressive Strength Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Sample Appearance and Quality Due to Salt Crystallization
3.2. The Variation in the Uniaxial Compression Strength Values Due to Salt Crystallization
3.3. Change in Nominal Strength
3.4. Analysis on Deterioration Mechanism of Gray Brick Caused by Salt Crystallization
4. Conclusions
- The concentration of salt solution is the main factor affecting the relative change in sample quality. Samples of the A2B3C1, A3B3C2, and A1B3C3 groups with a salt concentration of 5% increased the most, which were 19.25%, 30.12%, and 39.58%, respectively. In appearance, the damage to the middle and lower part of the sample is more serious when the sodium chloride solution acts on the sample. With the increase in the number of cycles, the surface will form crusts and fall off. The damage of the magnesium sulfate solution to the upper part of the sample is more significant, mainly including pulverization, cracks, and causing parts to fall off. The calcium chloride solution has no obvious damage characteristics on the surface of the sample;
- There are two factors that affect nominal strength: salt solution concentration and salt type. Nominal strength decreases with increasing salt solution concentration. Magnesium sulfate crystals have the most serious damage to the tiny pores of gray bricks, followed by sodium chloride and calcium chloride, which has the least. The nominal strength of the samples in the A3B3C2 group decreased the most, with an average decrease of 0.27 MPa. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are less than 13.73 mol/L, 11.47 mol/L and 17 mol/L, respectively, the nominal strength of the sample increases;
- The size of the crystallization pressure has a lot to do with the quality of the salt inside the brick. When the concentrations of sodium chloride solution, calcium chloride solution and magnesium sulfate solution are in the range of 8.17~8.93 mol/L, 6.98~9.9 mol/L, and 4.73~8.94 mol/L, respectively, the crystallization pressure begins to occur;
- By observing the SEM images, it is found that the degree of sample deterioration caused by salt crystallization not only depends on the size of the crystallization pressure, but is also related to the distribution of salt crystals in the pores of different sizes of the sample. In order to better understand the damage mechanism of brick masonry caused by salinization under actual conditions, the next research topics include conducting mixed-salt cyclic deterioration experiments and determining the pore size of the crystalline distribution of different types of salts.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | MgO | Na2O | TiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (%) | 62.29 | 15.63 | 6.69 | 5.23 | 3.74 | 3.20 | 1.95 | 0.68 |
Density/(kg/m3) | Poisson’s Ratio | Porosity /% | Compressive Strength/MPa | Elastic Modulus/GPa | Elastic Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1800 | 0.15 | 15.63 | 19.27 | 3.74 | 3.34 |
Test No. | Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|
Salt (A) | Salt Concentration (B) | Cycles (C) | |
A1B1C1 | NaCl | 1% | 10 |
A1B2C2 | NaCl | 3% | 20 |
A1B3C3 | NaCl | 5% | 30 |
A2B2C3 | CaCl2 | 3% | 30 |
A2B3C1 | CaCl2 | 5% | 10 |
A2B1C2 | CaCl2 | 1% | 20 |
A3B3C2 | MgSO4 | 5% | 20 |
A3B1C3 | MgSO4 | 1% | 30 |
A3B2C1 | MgSO4 | 3% | 10 |
Test No. | Salt | Salt Concentration/% | Cycle | Saturated Water Absorption/% | Compressive Strength/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | H2O | 0 | 30 | 20.4 | 18 |
1 | NaCl | 1% | 10 | 21.2 | 15.7 |
2 | NaCl | 3% | 20 | 22.6 | 15.3 |
3 | NaCl | 5% | 30 | 24.4 | 16.4 |
4 | CaCl2 | 3% | 30 | 23 | 16.7 |
5 | CaCl2 | 5% | 10 | 23.8 | 16 |
6 | CaCl2 | 1% | 20 | 22.7 | 17.4 |
7 | MgSO4 | 5% | 20 | 22.3 | 13.1 |
8 | MgSO4 | 1% | 30 | 21 | 15.5 |
9 | MgSO4 | 3% | 10 | 21.9 | 14 |
Test No. | Salt | Salt Concentration/% | Cycle | Saturated Water Absorption/% | Compressive Strength/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | H2O | 0 | 30 | 20.4 | 18 |
1 | NaCl | 1% | 10 | 21.2 | 15.7 |
2 | NaCl | 3% | 20 | 22.6 | 15.3 |
3 | NaCl | 5% | 30 | 24.4 | 16.4 |
4 | CaCl2 | 3% | 30 | 23 | 16.7 |
5 | CaCl2 | 5% | 10 | 23.8 | 16 |
6 | CaCl2 | 1% | 20 | 22.7 | 17.4 |
7 | MgSO4 | 5% | 20 | 22.3 | 13.1 |
8 | MgSO4 | 1% | 30 | 21 | 15.5 |
9 | MgSO4 | 3% | 10 | 21.9 | 14 |
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Yue, J.; Li, Y.; Luo, Z.; Huang, X.; Kong, Q.; Wang, Z. Study on Deterioration Law and Mechanism of Gray Brick Due to Salt Crystallization. Materials 2022, 15, 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082936
Yue J, Li Y, Luo Z, Huang X, Kong Q, Wang Z. Study on Deterioration Law and Mechanism of Gray Brick Due to Salt Crystallization. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082936
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Jianwei, Yuan Li, Zhenxian Luo, Xuanjia Huang, Qingmei Kong, and Zifa Wang. 2022. "Study on Deterioration Law and Mechanism of Gray Brick Due to Salt Crystallization" Materials 15, no. 8: 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082936