Incorporation of Optical Density into the Blending Design for a Biocement Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microbial Preparation
2.2. Limitation of Urease Activity for Carbonate Precipitation
2.3. Preparation of Sample for Obtaining Standard Precipitation Rate
- (1)
- Prescribed quantities of reagents, i.e., urea, calcium chloride, etc., were prepared;
- (2)
- Ten milliliter reactive solutions were added to each test tube containing the centrifuged microbes. Note that the volume of microbes is negligible, as the centrifugal concentration factor by volume is approximately 250–300;
- (3)
- The test tubes were left for 24 h, and the precipitated CaCO3 was measured by dividing into suspended particles and adsorbed carbonates.
2.4. Calibration Curves
2.5. Materials
2.6. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CPR Controlled by Ca2+
3.2. Effects of Increasing Ca2+/OD*
3.3. Over-Loading Effect
3.4. Over-loading Effects for Low OD Values
3.5. Intersection of Constant Ca2+ Line and Calibration Curve
3.6. Example of Translation from CPR-OD* to CPR-OD Relations
3.7. CPR after Over-Loading Effects
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The microbial strain (NO-A10) is mainly examined in this study. Note that the quantitative results presented are dependent on microbes and strains;
- (2)
- The CPR desired can be blended in terms of OD and Ca2+;
- (3)
- CPR is governed by OD or Ca2+. If the OD is dominant, the CPR (24 h) is expressed as CPR = 8460 OD − 17.633 OD2;
- (4)
- If Ca2+ is dominant, CPR= a CaCO3 (M/24h) for the case of NO-A10 strains and a M Ca2+;
- (5)
- If Ca2+ is high and OD is relatively low, the over-loading effect, which causes exceptionally low CPR, occurs. However, the carbonate precipitation increases according to the following extension of the concept with time;
- (6)
- Extending the concept of the unique standard precipitation rate regarding time, the CPR-OD relationship was simply expressed by CPR = l OD, where l was 8.46 M for NO-A10 strains. Note that the CPR does not necessarily mean CaCO3 precipitated for 24 h.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flask No. | Temp. (°C) | Age | Spec. No. | Cell Viability (%) | OD | CPR (M) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 25 | 1 day | 1 | 100 | 1.0 | 1.06 |
2 | 0.75 | 1.04 | ||||
3 | 0.59 | 1.05 | ||||
4 | 0.37 | 1.00 | ||||
5 | 0.25 | 1.00 | ||||
6 | 0.10 | 0.66 | ||||
2 | 4 | 1 month | 7 | 45 | 0.45 | — |
8 | 0.36 | 1.06 | ||||
9 | 0.27 | 1.00 | ||||
10 | 0.18 | 0.93 | ||||
11 | 0.09 | 0.51 | ||||
3 | 25 | 1 month | 12 | 9 | 0.09 | 0.56 |
13 | 0.072 | 0.53 | ||||
14 | 0.054 | 0.42 | ||||
15 | 0.036 | 0.29 | ||||
16 | 0.018 | 0.15 |
No. | OD* | Rcv | OD | Ca2+ | Ca2+/OD* | Ca2+/OD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.180 | 0.38 | 0.068 | 1.0 | 5.56 | 14.62 |
2 | 0.310 | 0.38 | 0.118 | 1.0 | 3.23 | 8.47 |
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Fukue, M.; Lechowicz, Z.; Fujimori, Y.; Emori, K.; Mulligan, C.N. Incorporation of Optical Density into the Blending Design for a Biocement Solution. Materials 2022, 15, 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051951
Fukue M, Lechowicz Z, Fujimori Y, Emori K, Mulligan CN. Incorporation of Optical Density into the Blending Design for a Biocement Solution. Materials. 2022; 15(5):1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051951
Chicago/Turabian StyleFukue, Masaharu, Zbigniew Lechowicz, Yuichi Fujimori, Kentaro Emori, and Catherine N. Mulligan. 2022. "Incorporation of Optical Density into the Blending Design for a Biocement Solution" Materials 15, no. 5: 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051951