A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing

Wang, Luyi; Shi, Hongyu; Peng, Gantao; Yi, Jianjia; Dong, Liang; Zhang, Anxue; Xu, Zhuo

doi:10.3390/ma15030873

Open AccessArticle

A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing

by

Luyi Wang

^1,2

,

Hongyu Shi

^1,2,*,

Gantao Peng

¹,

Jianjia Yi

¹,

Liang Dong

³,

Anxue Zhang

¹ and

Zhuo Xu

⁴

¹

School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

²

MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

³

Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China

⁴

Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Materials 2022, 15(3), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030873

Submission received: 23 December 2021 / Revised: 16 January 2022 / Accepted: 22 January 2022 / Published: 24 January 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metamaterial and Metasurface Design for Microwave Applications)

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Abstract

In this article, a time-modulated transparent nonlinear active metasurface loaded with varactor diodes was proposed to realize spatial electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency mixing. The nonlinear transmission characteristic of the active metasurface was designed and measured under time-modulated biasing signals. The transmission phase can be continuously controlled across a full 360° range at 5 GHz when the bias voltage of the varactor diodes changes from 0 V to 25.5 V, while the transmission amplitude is between −2.1 dB to −2.7 dB. By applying the bias voltage in time-modulated sequences, frequency mixing can be achieved. Due to the nonlinearity of the transmission amplitude and transmission phase of the metasurface versus a time-modulated bias voltage, harmonics of the fundamental mode were observed using an upper triangle bias voltage. Furthermore, with a carefully designed bias voltage sequence, unwanted higher order harmonics were suppressed. The proposed theoretical results are validated with the measured results.

Keywords: nonlinear metasurface; time-modulated metasurface; varactor diode

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, L.; Shi, H.; Peng, G.; Yi, J.; Dong, L.; Zhang, A.; Xu, Z. A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing. Materials 2022, 15, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030873

AMA Style

Wang L, Shi H, Peng G, Yi J, Dong L, Zhang A, Xu Z. A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing. Materials. 2022; 15(3):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030873

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Luyi, Hongyu Shi, Gantao Peng, Jianjia Yi, Liang Dong, Anxue Zhang, and Zhuo Xu. 2022. "A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing" Materials 15, no. 3: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030873

APA Style

Wang, L., Shi, H., Peng, G., Yi, J., Dong, L., Zhang, A., & Xu, Z. (2022). A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing. Materials, 15(3), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030873

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A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing

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