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10.3390/ma15228136
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Article

Characterization of Date Seed Powder Derived Porous Graphene Oxide and Its Application as an Environmental Functional Material to Remove Dye from Aqueous Solutions

by
Fatimah A. M. Al-Zahrani
1,
Badria M. Al-Shehri
1,2,3,*,
Reda M. El-Shishtawy
4,5,
Nasser S. Awwad
1,
Khalid Ali Khan
2,3,6,*,
M. A. Sayed
7,8 and
Saifeldin M. Siddeeg
1
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
2
Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
3
Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
4
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
5
National Research Centre, Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research Division, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
6
Applied College, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
7
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
8
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 71452, Assiut 71524, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(22), 8136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228136
Submission received: 10 October 2022 / Revised: 11 November 2022 / Accepted: 13 November 2022 / Published: 16 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Environmental Functional Materials)
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Abstract

This study aims to prepare graphene oxide (GO) from raw date seeds (RDSs), considered one of the available agricultural wastes in Saudi Arabia. The preparation method is done by the conversion of date seeds to lignin and then to graphite which is used in a modified Hummer’s method to obtain GO. The adsorption of insoluble phenothiazine-derived dye (PTZS) over raw date Seeds (RDSs) as a low-cost adsorbent was investigated in this study. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize (RDSs). According to the calculations, Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order accurately predicted the kinetic rate of adsorption. The adsorption ability was 4.889 mg/g, and the removal rate was 93.98% GO-date Seeds mass, 11 mg/L starting dye concentration, at a temperature of 328 K, pH 9, and contact length of 30 min by boosting the PTZS solution’s ionic strength. In addition, the computed free energies revealed that the adsorption process was physical. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that dye adsorption onto GO-date seeds was exothermic and spontaneous.
Keywords: phenothiazine; adsorption; water-insoluble dye; GO-date seeds phenothiazine; adsorption; water-insoluble dye; GO-date seeds

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Zahrani, F.A.M.; Al-Shehri, B.M.; El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Awwad, N.S.; Khan, K.A.; Sayed, M.A.; Siddeeg, S.M. Characterization of Date Seed Powder Derived Porous Graphene Oxide and Its Application as an Environmental Functional Material to Remove Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Materials 2022, 15, 8136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228136

AMA Style

Al-Zahrani FAM, Al-Shehri BM, El-Shishtawy RM, Awwad NS, Khan KA, Sayed MA, Siddeeg SM. Characterization of Date Seed Powder Derived Porous Graphene Oxide and Its Application as an Environmental Functional Material to Remove Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Materials. 2022; 15(22):8136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228136

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Zahrani, Fatimah A. M., Badria M. Al-Shehri, Reda M. El-Shishtawy, Nasser S. Awwad, Khalid Ali Khan, M. A. Sayed, and Saifeldin M. Siddeeg. 2022. "Characterization of Date Seed Powder Derived Porous Graphene Oxide and Its Application as an Environmental Functional Material to Remove Dye from Aqueous Solutions" Materials 15, no. 22: 8136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228136

APA Style

Al-Zahrani, F. A. M., Al-Shehri, B. M., El-Shishtawy, R. M., Awwad, N. S., Khan, K. A., Sayed, M. A., & Siddeeg, S. M. (2022). Characterization of Date Seed Powder Derived Porous Graphene Oxide and Its Application as an Environmental Functional Material to Remove Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Materials, 15(22), 8136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228136

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