Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure of the Oxygen Hardened Alloy
3.2. Micromechanical and Tribological Properties
- i)
- Stage 1—increase and stabilization of the stationary potential;
- ii)
- Stage 2—a drop of the corrosion potential, resulting from the wear of the alloy’s surface, with the assumed sliding distance equaling 1000 m;
- iii)
- Stage 3—an increase of the stationary potential after the interruption of the friction process of the alloy’s surface.
4. Conclusions
- The hardening temperature had a significant influence on the alloy microstructure and thickness of the hardened zone. A refinement of the α’ laths of the near β-phase Ti alloy was observed. The thickness of the hardened zone and grain size of the bulk alloy both increased with increasing temperature. In addition, voids and microcracks were observed in the near-surface zone of the alloy treated at 1000 °C;
- The outer hardened zone consisted mainly of the Ti α’ (O) solid solution with small amounts of fine laths of the Ti α’’ (O) solid solution in the β phase. Oxygen enrichment in a depth of up to 6 μm was found;
- The oxidation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy under glow discharge conditions resulted in a significant increase of hardness and elastic modulus compared with the base alloy. The best results were found for the alloy hardened at 700 °C. With an increasing temperature, a decrease in both hardness and modulus of elasticity in the hardened zone were observed;
- The hardened titanium alloy zone significantly reduces abrasive wear, and the wear resistance is proportional to the hardness of the alloy;
- Oxygen hardened alloy does not adversely affect the corrosion resistance;
- The friction reduces the corrosion resistance of the oxygen-hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. However, when the friction process was stopped, the corrosion potential was quickly restored. The strengthened outer layer of the alloy treated at 700 °C provides good protection against tribological wear in a corrosive environment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample of Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy | hmax (nm) | HIT (GPa) | EIT (GPa) | Wv·10−6 (mm3/Nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hardened at 700 °C | 880 ± 37 | 12.8 ± 0.8 | 180 ± 16 | 2.3 ± 0.3 |
Hardened at 850 °C | 925 ± 52 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 175 ± 20 | 3.1 ± 0.3 |
Hardened at 1000 °C | 1407 ± 131 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 152 ± 17 | 5.8 ± 0.7 |
As-received | 1662 ± 82 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 79 ± 9 | 1250 ± 46 |
Sample | χ2 | R1 (Ω * cm2) | CPE-T (Fsn−1 cm−2) | CPE-P | R2 (Ω * cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As-received alloy | 0.005 | 12.30 ± 0.12 | 4.31 × 10−5 ± 0.03 × 10−5 | 8.96 × 10−1 ± 0.02 × 10−1 | 3.22 × 105 ± 0.06 × 105 |
Alloy hardened at 700 °C | 0.004 | 41.99 ± 0.25 | 4.35 × 10−5 ± 0.02 × 10−5 | 8.70 × 10−1 ± 0.01 × 10−1 | 7.26 × 105 ± 0.11 × 105 |
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Łukaszczyk, A.; Zimowski, S.; Pawlak, W.; Dubiel, B.; Moskalewicz, T. Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy. Materials 2021, 14, 2088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082088
Łukaszczyk A, Zimowski S, Pawlak W, Dubiel B, Moskalewicz T. Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy. Materials. 2021; 14(8):2088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082088
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukaszczyk, Alicja, Sławomir Zimowski, Wojciech Pawlak, Beata Dubiel, and Tomasz Moskalewicz. 2021. "Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy" Materials 14, no. 8: 2088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082088