Thermal Stability of TiN Coated Cubic Boron Nitride Powder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Initial cBN Powders
3.2. Thermal Stability of the cBN Powders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The stability of TiN coatings on cBN particles strongly depend on the nitrogen pressure. The decomposition into TiB2 was observed in Ar at temperatures above approximately 1200 °C. This reaction results in the formation of pores in the originally dense coating. Therefore, the layer could not more work as a protection layer.
- In a nitrogen atmosphere (1 atm pressure) no interaction of TiN with cBN was observed up to 1600 °C. However, the investigated very thin fine-grained TiN coatings, produced by ALD, showed after the heat treatment at 1600 °C a recrystallization, resulting also in very fine pores. Further investigations are necessary to clarify whether these processes also take place at 1300–1400 °C, at which composites are typically sintered with cBN. Additionally, the influence of the thickness and crystallite size of the coating needs further investigations.
- The observed results could be predicted by the thermodynamic calculations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wolfrum, A.-K. Verdichtung und Eigenschaften von Hartstoffverstärkten Siliciumnitridwerkstoffen. Ph.D. Dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hotta, M.; Goto, T. Preparation of β SiAlON-cBN composites by spark plasma sintering. Key Eng. Mater. 2008, 403, 241–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michalski, A.; Rosiński, M.; Płocińska, M.; Szawłowski, J. Synthesis and characterization of cBN/WCCo composites obtained by the pulse plasma sintering (PPS) method. IOP Conf. Ser. 2011, 18, 202016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Tu, R.; Goto, T. Densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of SiO2–cBN composites by spark plasma sintering. Ceram. Int. 2012, 38, 351–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.F.; Tu, R.; Goto, T. Spark plasma sintering and characterization of WC-Co-cBN composites. Key Eng. Mater. 2014, 616, 194–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klimczyk, P.; Wyżga, P.; Cyboroń, J.; Laszkiewicz-Łukasik, J.; Podsiadło, M.; Cygan, S.; Jaworska, L. Phase stability and mechanical properties of Al2O3-cBN composites prepared via spark plasma sintering. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2020, 104, 107762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garrett, J.C.; Sigalas, I.; Herrmann, M.; Olivier, E.J.; O’Connell, J.H. cBN reinforced Y-α-SiAlON composites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2013, 33, 2191–2198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.; Cheng, X.; Chang, R.; Li, T.; Zang, J.; Wang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Lu, J.; Xu, X. Reactive sintering cBN-Ti-Al composites by spark plasma sintering. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2016, 69, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Tu, R.; Goto, T. Cubic boron nitride-containing ceramic matrix composites for cutting tools. Adv. Ceram. Matrix Compos. 2014, 570–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheffler, M. Zukunftspotenziale von Hochleistungskeramiken: Expertenstudie; DKG: Köln, Germany, 2014; ISBN 978-3-00-045777-7. [Google Scholar]
- Guillon, O.; Gonzalez-Julian, J.; Dargatz, B.; Kessel, T.; Schierning, G.; Räthel, J.; Herrmann, M. Field-assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering: Mechanisms, materials, and technology developments. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2014, 16, 830–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bundy, F.P.; Wentorf, R.H. Direct transformation of hexagonal boron nitride to denser forms. J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 1144–1149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrigan, F.R.; Bundy, F.P. Direct transitions among the allotropic forms of boron nitride at high pressures and temperatures. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 3812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vereshchagin, L.F.; Gladkaya, I.S.; Dubitskii, G.A.; Slesarev, V.N. Synthesis of cubic boron nitride single crystals in systems containing hydrogen. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Neorg. Mater. 1979, 15, 256–259. [Google Scholar]
- Maki, J.; Ikawa, H.; Fukunaga, O. Phase equilibrium between cubic and hexagonal boron nitride. In Proceedings of the 2nd New Diamond Science and Technology International Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 23–27 September 1990; pp. 1051–1055. [Google Scholar]
- Solozhenko, V.L. Boron nitride phase diagram. State of the art. High Press. Res. 1995, 13, 199–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solozhenko, V.L.; Turkevich, V.Z. Thermoanalytical study of the polymorphic transformation of cubic into graphite-like boron nitride. J. Therm. Anal. 1992, 38, 1181–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solozhenko, V.L. Inverse drop-calorimetry. A study of metastable and nonequilibrium phases. Thermochim. Acta 1993, 218, 395–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solozhenko, V.L. Thermodynamics of dense boron nitride modifications and a new phase P.,T diagram for BN. Thermochim. Acta 1993, 218, 221–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solozhenko, L.; Turkevich, V.Z.; Holzapfel, W.B. Refined phase diagram of boron nitride. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 2903–2905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Will, G.; Nover, G.; von der Gönna, J. New experimental results on the phase diagram of boron nitride. J. Solid State Chem. 2000, 154, 280–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukunaga, O. The equilibrium phase boundary between hexagonal and cubic boron nitride. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2000, 9, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolfrum, A.-K.; Matthey, B.; Michaelis, A.; Herrmann, M. On the stability of c-BN-reinforcing particles in ceramic matrix materials. Materials 2018, 11, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cahill, J.T.; Du Frane, W.L.; Sio, C.K.; King, G.C.S.; Soderlind, J.C.; Lu, R.; Worsley, A.; Kuntza, J.D. Transformation of boron nitride from cubic to hexagonal under 1-atm helium. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2020, 109, 108078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irshad, H.M.; Ahmed, B.A.; Ehsan, M.A.; Khan, T.I.; Laoui, T.; Yousaf, M.R.; Ibrahim, A.; Hakeem, A.S. Investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of micro-/nano-sized Al2O3 and cBN composites prepared by spark plasma sintering. Ceram. Int. 2017, 43, 10645–10653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Irshad, H.M.; Ahmed, B.A.; Ehsan, M.A.; Khan, T.I.; Laoui, T.; Yousaf, M.R.; Ibrahim, A.; Hakeem, A.S. Tribological behaviour of alumina-based nanocomposites reinforced with uncoated and Ni-coated cubic boron nitride. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 5066–5079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Tu, R.; GOTO, T. Evaluation of CVD-Deposited SiO2 as a sintering aid for cubic boron nitride consolidated with alumina by spark plasma sintering. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2012, 95, 2827–2832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hotta, M.; Goto, T. Spark plasma sintering of TiN-cubic BN composites. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2010, 118, 137–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hotta, M.; Goto, T. Densification and microstructure of Al2O3-cBN composites prepared by spark plasma sintering. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2008, 116, 744–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hotta, M.; Goto, T. Spark plasma sintering of βSiAlON-cBN composite. Mater. Sci. Forum 2007, 561–565, 599–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kitiwan, M.; Ito, A.; Goto, T. Phase transformation and densification of hBN-TiN composites fabrication by spark plasma sintering. Key Eng. Mater. 2012, 508, 52–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, H.; Deng, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, J.; Han, S.; Feng, F. Study of the proportioning design method and mechanical properties of a cBN–TiN composite. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 2020, 89, 105209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umer, M.A.; Sub, P.H.; Lee, D.J.; Ryu, H.J.; Hong, S.H. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered compacts prepared from nanocrystalline TiN coated cBN powder. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2012, 552, 151–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umer, M.A.; Park, H.S.; Lee, D.J.; Ryu, H.J.; Hong, S.H. A sol–gel route to nanocrystalline TiN coated cubic boron nitride particles. J. Alloys Compd. 2011, 509, 9764–9769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- George, S.M. Atomic layer deposition: An overview. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 111–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longrie, D.; Deduytsche, D.; Detavernier, C. Reactor concepts for atomic layer deposition on agitated particles: A review. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2014, 32, 10802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longrie, D.; Deduytsche, D.; Haemers, J.; Smet, P.F.; Driesen, K.; Detavernier, C. Thermal and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of TiN using TDMAT and NH3 on particles agitated in a rotary reactor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 7316–7324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Didden, A.; Hillebrand, P.; Wollgarten, M.; Dam, B.; van de Krol, R. Deposition of conductive TiN shells on SiO2 nanoparticles with a fluidized bed ALD reactor. J. Nanopart. Res. 2016, 18, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hoehn, S.; Sempf, K.; Herrmann, M. Artefact-free preparation and characterisation of ceramic materials and interfaces. Ceram. Forum Int. 2011, 88, E16–E20. [Google Scholar]
- Bale, C.W.; Bélisle, E.; Chartrand, P.; Decterov, S.A.; Eriksson, G.; Gheribi, A.E.; Hack, K.; Jung, I.H.; Kang, Y.B.; Melançon, J.; et al. FactSage thermochemical software and databases, 2010–2016. Calphad 2016, 54, 35–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tuschel, D. Effect of dopants or impurities on the raman spectrum of the host crystal. Spectroscopy (St. Monica) 2017, 32, 13–18. [Google Scholar]
- Jana, M.; Singh, R.N. A study of evolution of residual stress in single crystal silicon electrode using Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2017, 111, 63901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wdowik, U.D.; Twardowska, A.; Rajchel, B. Vibrational spectroscopy of binary titanium borides: First-principles and experimental studies. Adv. Condens. Matter. Phys. 2017, 2017, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gu, L.; Wang, T.; Zhang, W.; Liang, G.; Gu, A.; Yuan, L. Low-cost and facile fabrication of titanium dioxide coated oxidized titanium diboride-epoxy resin composites with high dielectric constant and extremely low dielectric loss. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 7071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gall, D.; Stoehr, M.; Greene, J.E. Vibrational modes in epitaxial Ti1−xScxN(001) layers: An ab initio calculation and Raman spectroscopy study. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 64, 174302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cheng, Y.H.; Tay, B.K.; Lau, S.P.; Kupfer, H.; Richter, F. Substrate bias dependence of Raman spectra for TiN films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 1845–1849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
cBN-Powder | Oxygen Content (wt. %) | Metallic Impurities (wt. %) | TiN-Coating Content (XRF/XRD) (wt. %) | TiN-Coating Thickness (nm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Si | Cl | Cr | ||||
B20 | 0.122 ± 0.042 | 0.0028 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - |
B21 | 0.101 ± 0.015 | 0.0027 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
C41 | 0.113 ± 0.023 | 0.0028 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
BT | 0.170 ± 0.023 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.0085 | 2.3/2.3 ± 0.1 | 50 |
BTV | 0.135 ± 0.032 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.0080 | 1.4/1.3 ± 0.1 | 20 |
cBN-Powder | Coating | Atmosphere | Mass Loss (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|
B21 | - | argon | 0.04 |
C41 | - | 0.04 | |
BT | TiN | 1.58 | |
BTV | TiN | 1.01 | |
B21 | - | nitrogen | 0.02 |
BT | TiN | 0.17 |
TiN Coated cBN-Powder | Measured TiN Content before TGA (wt. %) | Measured TiB2 Content after TGA (wt. %) | Calculated TiB2 Content (wt. %) | Calculated Weight Loss (wt. %) | Loss of Mass after TGA (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BT | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.6 | 1.56 | 1.58 |
BTV | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.88 | 1.01 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hering, B.; Wolfrum, A.-K.; Gestrich, T.; Herrmann, M. Thermal Stability of TiN Coated Cubic Boron Nitride Powder. Materials 2021, 14, 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071642
Hering B, Wolfrum A-K, Gestrich T, Herrmann M. Thermal Stability of TiN Coated Cubic Boron Nitride Powder. Materials. 2021; 14(7):1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071642
Chicago/Turabian StyleHering, Benjamin, Anne-Kathrin Wolfrum, Tim Gestrich, and Mathias Herrmann. 2021. "Thermal Stability of TiN Coated Cubic Boron Nitride Powder" Materials 14, no. 7: 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071642