Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- piston actuator;
- plunger actuator;
- telescopic actuator.
- piston actuator with one piston rod (with one-sided piston rod);
- piston actuator with two-piston rods (with double-sided piston rod);
- multi-piston actuator;
- telescopic actuator.
2. Selection of the Appropriate Material and Its Influence on the Operation and Durability of the Hydraulic Actuator
3. Failures of Hydraulic Actuators
3.1. Failures of Cylinders
3.2. Failures of Piston Rods and Pistons
3.3. Failures of End Caps and Glands
3.4. Failures of Sealing Systems
4. Materials and Surface Modifications Used for Hydraulic Actuator Elements
4.1. Cylinders
4.1.1. Materials Used for Cylinders
4.1.2. Surface Modifications of Cylinder
4.2. Pistons
4.3. Piston Rods
4.3.1. Materials Used for Piston Rods
4.3.2. Surface Modifications of Piston Rods
4.4. End Caps and Glands
4.5. Seals
- combined sealing system consisting of:
- flexible sealing element;
- two rings to prevent squeezing of the seals;
- two piston guide rings.
- seal with a Glyd ring consisting of:
- Glyd ring, pre-compressed by the O-ring;
- backup ring to protect against contact between metal and metal.
- U-profile sealing for double-acting actuators consisting of:
- U-profile seals;
- backup ring to protect against contact between metal and metal.
- wiper ring;
- a standard U-profile piston rod seal;
- guide ring.
- (a)
- thermoplastics (thermoplastic polymers)—under the influence of higher temperature they become plastic and after cooling down they harden again;
- (b)
- duroplastics (thermo-set or chemo-set polymers)—after being exposed to temperature or chemical substance, they become hard, their formation is irreversible;
- (c)
- elastomers—they deform to a large extent under low stress, it is possible to return to their original shape.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Material | Density (kg/dm3) | Minimum Yield Strength (MPa) | Minimum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Maximum Carbon Content (%) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
St52/S355J2G3/S355JR | 7.8 | 355 | 490 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
E355 | 0.22 | low-carbon quality steel | |||
S275JR | 7.9 | 275 | 410 | 0.21 | low-carbon structural steel |
S235JR | 7.8 | 235 | 340 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
BS970070M20 | 7.8 | 210 | 410 | 0.24 | low-carbon structural steel |
R35 | 7.9 | 235 | 345 | 0.16 | low-carbon structural steel for pipes |
R45 | 7.9 | 255 | 440 | 0.22 | low-carbon structural steel for pipes |
IS 1030 GRADE 280-580 | 7.85 | 280 | 580 | 0.25 | non-alloy steel, general purpose |
AISI 304 | 7.9 | 210 | 520 | 0.08 | austenitic stainless steel |
60-40-18 | 7.1 | 276 | 414 | 3.4–3.8 | spheroidal cast iron |
Al 7075-T6 | 2.8 | 430 * | 510 | – | Al-Zn alloy |
POM | 1.41 | 67–69 | 67–85 | – | polyoxymethylene |
PA | 1.13 | 40 | 67 | – | polyamide |
PP | 0.92 | 30 | 32 | – | polypropylene |
Material | Average Hardness | Impact Energy (J) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
St52/S355J2G3/S355JR | 180 HB | 27 (−20 °C) | 22 |
E355 | |||
S275JR | 160 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
S235JR | 140 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 26 |
BS970070M20 | 140 HB | 24 (10 °C) | 21 |
R35 | 112 HB | 27 (0 °C) | 24 |
R45 | 142 HB | 22 (20 °C) | 22 |
IS 1030 GRADE 280-580 | 220 HB | 22 (20 °C) | 18 |
AISI 304 | 215 HB | 60 (−196 °C) | 45 |
60-40-18 | 160 HB | 12 (−20 °C) | 18 |
Al 7075-T6 | 150 HB | 17 (23 °C) | 10 |
POM | 81 (Shore D) | - | 30 |
PA | 76–82 (Shore D) | - | 20–200 |
PP | 70–83 (Shore D) | - | 150–600 |
Material | Density (kg/dm3) | Minimum Yield Strength (MPa) | Minimum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Maximum Carbon Content (%) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
65-45-12 | 7.1 | 310 | 448 | 3.50–3.90 | spheroidal cast iron |
C35 | 7.8 | 270 | 520 | 0.32–0.39 | medium-carbon structural steel |
C45 | 7.8 | 305 | 580 | 0.42–0.5 | medium-carbon structural steel |
S275JR | 7.9 | 275 | 410 | 0.21 | low-carbon structural steel |
S355JR | 7.8 | 355 | 490 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
BS970070M20 | 7.8 | 210 | 410 | 0.24 | low-carbon structural steel |
Al 7075-T6 | 2.8 | 430 * | 510 | – | Al-Zn alloy |
POM | 1.41 | 67–69 | 67–85 | – | polyoxymethylene |
Material | Average Hardness | Impact Energy (J) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
65-45-12 | 131–220 HB | 14 (23 °C) | 12 |
C35 | 160 HB | 23 (23 °C) | 17 |
C45 | 200 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 14 |
S275JR | 160 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
S355JR | 165 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
BS970070M20 | 140 HB | 24 (10 °C) | 21 |
Al 7075-T6 | 150 HB | 17 (23 °C) | 10 |
POM | 81 (Shore D) | – | 30 |
Material | Density (kg/dm3) | Minimum Yield Strength (MPa) | Minimum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Maximum Carbon Content (%) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S235JR | 7.8 | 235 | 340 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
S275JR | 7.9 | 275 | 410 | 0.21 | low-carbon structural steel |
S355J0 | 7.8 | 355 | 490 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
C45 | 7.8 | 305 | 580 | 0.42–0.5 | medium-carbon structural steel |
C35 | 7.8 | 270 | 520 | 0.32–0.39 | medium-carbon structural steel |
C55 | 7.8 | 330 | 640 | 0.5–0.6 | medium-carbon structural steel |
40Cr/40X | 7.8 | 785 | 810 | 0.37–0.44 | alloy steel |
C45E | 7.8 | 305 | 580 | 0.42–0.5 | medium-carbon structural steel |
40HM/ 42CrMo4 | 7.8 | 750 * | 1000 | 0.38–0.45 | alloy steel |
20MnV6 | 7.8 | 410 | 550 | 0.22 | low-alloy structural steel |
19MnVS6 | 7.8 | 390 | 600 | 0.15–0.22 | non-alloy special steel |
38MnVS6 | 7.8 | 520 | 800 | 0.34–0.41 | alloy steel |
30CrNiMo8 | 7.8 | 830 | 980 | 0.26–0.34 | alloy structural steel |
BS970070M20 | 7.8 | 210 | 410 | 0.24 | low-carbon structural steel |
BS970070M55 | 7.8 | 330 | 640 | 0.52–0.6 | medium-carbon structural steel |
17-4PH | 7.8 | 1000 | 1100 | 0.07 | martensitic stainless steel |
AISI 304 | 7.9 | 210 | 520 | 0.08 | austenitic stainless steel |
AISI 410 | 7.8 | 415 | 450 | 0.15 | martensitic stainless steel |
Al 7075-T6 | 2.8 | 430 * | 510 | – | Al-Zn alloy |
POM | 1.41 | 67–69 | 67–85 | – | poly-oxymethylene |
Material | Average Hardness | Impact Energy (J) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
S235JR | 140 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 26 |
S275JR | 160 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
S355J0 | 165 HB | 27 (0 °C) | 18 |
C45 | 200 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 14 |
C35 | 160 HB | 23 (23 °C) | 17 |
C55 | 225 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 15 |
40Cr/40X | 200 HB | 47 (23 °C) | 9 |
C45E | 207 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 16 |
40HM/ 42CrMo4 | 218 HB | 30 (23 °C) | 10 |
20MnV6 | 220 HB | 27 (−20 °C) | 19 |
19MnVS6 | 255 HB | 24 (23 °C) | 16 |
38MnVS6 | 275 HB | 20 (20 °C) | 12 |
30CrNiMo8 | 250 HB | 30 (23 °C) | 13 |
BS970070M20 | 140 HB | 24 (10 °C) | 21 |
BS970070M55 | 220 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 12 |
17-4PH | 305 HB | 42 (23 °C) | 16 |
AISI 304 | 215 HB | 60 (−196 °C) | 45 |
AISI 410 | 217 HB | 30 (23 °C) | 20 |
Al 7075-T6 | 150 HB | 17 (23 °C) | 10 |
POM | 81 (Shore D) | – | 30 |
Material | Density (kg/dm3) | Minimum Yield Strength (MPa) | Minimum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Maximum Carbon Content (%) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S355/S355JR | 7.8 | 355 | 490 | 0.2 | low-carbon structural steel |
S275JR | 7.9 | 275 | 410 | 0.21 | low-carbon structural steel |
Al 7075-T6 | 2.8 | 430 * | 510 | – | Al-Zn alloy |
IS 1030 GRADE 280-580 | 7.85 | 280 | 580 | 0.25 | non-alloy steel |
BS970070M20 | 7.8 | 210 | 410 | 0.24 | low-carbon structural steel |
POM | 1.41 | 67–69 | 67–85 | – | poly-oxymethylene |
C45 | 7.8 | 305 | 580 | 0.42–0.5 | medium-carbon structural steel |
42CrMo4 | 7.8 | 750 * | 1000 | 0.38–0.45 | alloy steel |
AISI304 | 7.9 | 210 | 520 | 0.08 | austenitic stainless steel |
G25 | 7.2 | 165 | 250 | 3.2–3.5 | grey cast iron |
Material | Average Hardness | Impact Energy (J) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
S355/S355JR | 165 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
S275JR | 160 HB | 27 (20 °C) | 22 |
Al 7075-T6 | 150 HB | 17 (23 °C) | 10 |
IS 1030 GRADE 280-580 | 220 HB | 22 (20 °C) | 18 |
BS970070M20 | 140 HB | 24 (10 °C) | 21 |
POM | 81 (Shore D) | – | 30 |
C45 | 200 HB | 25 (23 °C) | 14 |
42CrMo4 | 218 HB | 30 (23 °C) | 10 |
AISI 304 | 215 HB | 60 (−196 °C) | 45 |
G25 | 215 HB | 12 (−20 °C) | 0.5 |
Material | Density (kg/dm3) | Minimum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Minimum Service Temperature (°C) | Maximum Service Temperature (°C) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
THERMOPLASTICS | |||||
PTFE | 2.2 | 17–28 | −200 | 250 | polytetrafluoroethylene |
POM | 1.41 | 67–85 | −50 | 90 | polyoxymethylene |
PE * | 0.91–0.94/ 0.95–0.98 | 7–17/ 20–37 | −50/−50 | 75/80 | polyethylene |
PE-UHMW | 0.94 | 38.6–48.3 | −150 | 90 | polyethylene (ultra high molecular weight) |
ELASTOMERS | |||||
PU | 1.45 | 20.7–96.0 | −60 | 90 | polyurethane |
TPU | 1.2 | 30–40 | −40 | 80 | thermoplastic polyurethane |
HPU | 1.19 | 49.2 | −30 | 110 | hydrolysis resistant polyurethane |
NBR | 1.0 | 6.89–24.1 | −30 | 120 | nitrile butadiene rubber |
HNBR | 1.23 | 21.7 | −30 | 150 | hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber |
FPM/FKM | 1.8 | 9 | −35 | 220 | fluorocarbon rubber |
MVQ | 1.5 | 6.4 | −60 | 200 | methylvinyl silicone rubber |
EPDM | 1.1 | 17.4 | −45 | 125 | ethylene-propylene-diene monomer |
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Skowrońska, J.; Kosucki, A.; Stawiński, Ł. Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods. Materials 2021, 14, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061422
Skowrońska J, Kosucki A, Stawiński Ł. Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods. Materials. 2021; 14(6):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061422
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkowrońska, Justyna, Andrzej Kosucki, and Łukasz Stawiński. 2021. "Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods" Materials 14, no. 6: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061422