Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Ex: x% (V/V) ethanol and (100–x)% (V/V) gasoline (e.g., E5).
- BUT x:x% (V/V) n–butanol and (100–x)% (V/V) gasoline (e.g., BUT 5).
- iBUT x:x% (V/V) i–butanol and (100–x)% (V/V) gasoline (e.g., iBUT 5).
- BUT x + MTBE y: x% (V/V) n–butanol, y% (V/V) methyl tert–butyl ether, and (100–x–y)% (V/V) gasoline (e.g., BUT 5 + MTBE 10).
- BUT x + ETBE y: x% (V/V) n–butanol, y% (V/V) ethyl tert-butyl ether, and (100–x–y)% (V/V) gasoline (e.g., BUT 5 + ETBE 10).
3. Results
3.1. Fuel Parameters
3.2. Distillation Properties
- Start of distillation:
- Ten percent point:
- Fifty percent point:
- End of distillation curve:
- End of distillation temperature:
- E0 (pure gasoline), E3, E5, E8, E10, E15, E20, and E25.
- BUT 0 (pure gasoline), BUT 3, BUT 5, BUT 8, BUT 10, BUT 15, BUT 20, and BUT 25.
- iBUT 0 (pure gasoline), iBUT 3, iBUT 5, iBUT 8, iBUT 10, iBUT 15, BUT 20, and iBUT 25.
3.3. Vapour Pressure
3.4. Water Stability
3.5. Gas Chromatography Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Butanol has a higher kinematic viscosity value than gasoline and ethanol. The viscosity of the mixture increases with the addition of butanol.
- The octane number of mixtures is mainly influenced by the octane numbers of the individual alcohols. Butanol reduces the octane number in gasoline, but the decrease is not so significant.
- Ethanol with gasoline creates an azeotrope, which increases the vapor pressure of formed mixture. Such a phenomenon does not occur with butanol.
- Ethers can have a positive effect on the increase of vapor pressure. It was verified that ETBE has more favorable effects than MTBE.
- Ethanol mainly affects the first half of the distillation curve and especially the temperature T50. Butanol mainly affects the second half of the distillation curve, which is also reflected in the values of E100 and E150.
- The solubility of water in butanol and ethanol mixtures is similar. However, butanol is more stable at low temperatures. Water is only slightly soluble in MTBE and ETBE.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Diesel | Gasoline | Ethanol | n–Butanol | s–Butanol | i–Butanol | t–Butanol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molecular weight | 198.4 | 111.19 | 46.07 | 74.11 | 74.11 | 74.11 | 74.11 |
Cetane number | 40–55 | 0–10 | 5–8 | 12.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 5.6 |
Research octane number | 20–30 | 91–99 | 108 | 94 | 101 | 113 | 105 |
Motor Octane Number | – | 81–89 | 89–103 | 78 | 91 | 94 | 89 |
Density [g/mL] at 20 °C | 0.82–0.86 | 0.72–0.78 | 0.789 | 0.808 | 0.808 | 0.805 | 0.800 |
Flash point [°C] | 65–88 | −45 to −38 | 14 | 35 | 34 | 24 | 28 |
Water solubility at 25 °C [g/L] | 0.01–0.06 | 0.046–0.077 | ∞ | 73 | 185.1 | 89.4 | ∞ |
Boiling point [°C] | 180–370 | 25–215 | 78.5 | 117.7 | 99.51 | 107.89 | 82.4 |
Flammability [% (V/V)] | 1.5–7.6 | 0.6–8 | 3.3–19 | 1.4–11.2 | 1.7–9.8 | 1.7–10.9 | 2.3–8 |
Reid vapor pressure [kPa] | 0.2–0.7 | 75 | 16.5 | 6 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 12.2 |
Viscosity [mm2/s] at 25 °C | 1.9–4.1 | 0.4–0.8 | 1.07 | 2.63 | 3.1 | 4 | 4.31 |
Energy density [MJ/L] | 35.86 | 32 | 25 | 29.2 | 29.06 | 29.00 | 28.48 |
Parameter | Unit | BUT 5 | BUT 30 | BUT 50 | BUT 85 | BUT 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density at 15 °C | kg∙m−3 | 736.16 | 781.5 | 786.01 | 802.95 | 813.57 |
Start of distillation | °C | 34 | 33 | 35 | 40 | 117 |
Evaporated vol. at 70 °C | % (V/V) | 36 | 32 | 22 | * | * |
Evaporated vol. at 100 °C | % (V/V) | 57 | 55 | 45 | 12 | * |
Evaporated vol. at 150 °C | % (V/V) | 89 | * | * | * | * |
End of distillation | °C | 188 | 117 | 117 | 117 | 117 |
Distillation residue | % (V/V) | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.5 |
Reid vapor pressure | kPa | 48.0 | 45.5 | 30.5 | 26.0 | 8.1 |
Volatility index | – | 725.0 | 679 | 459 | ** | ** |
Viscosity at 40 °C | mm2∙s−1 | 0.67 | 0.86 | 1.02 | 1.69 | 2.43 |
Flash point | °C | ** | ** | ** | ** | 35 |
Fuel | A | B | R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BUT 3 | 114.5 | −22.5 | 0.966 | 1.90 × 10−3 |
BUT 5 | 73.1 | −30.3 | 0.951 | 1.17 × 10−4 |
BUT 8 | 151.3 | −53.1 | 0.993 | 1.02 × 10−5 |
BUT 10 | 107.8 | −58.9 | 0.984 | 4.26 × 10−14 |
E10 | 120.8 | −72.6 | 0.984 | 1.06 × 10−8 |
BUT 5 + MTBE 10 | 315.5 | −80.8 | 0.755 | 6.96 × 10−3 |
BUT 5 + ETBE 10 | 460.7 | −116.3 | 0.995 | 3.98 × 10−7 |
BUT 10 + MTBE 5 | 123.8 | −75.5 | 0.930 | 2.83 × 10−4 |
BUT 10 + MTBE 10 | 101.2 | −66.6 | 0.845 | 2.13 × 10−3 |
Mixture | Measured Concentration of Alcohol [% (V/V)] | |
---|---|---|
BUT 5 | 6.08 | |
BUT 10 | 9.50 | |
BUT 30 | 33.88 | |
BUT 85 | 82.92 | |
iBUT 5 | 4.46 | |
iBUT 10 | 9.76 | |
iBUT 30 | 34.11 | |
iBUT 85 | 83.12 | |
BUT 5 + iBUT 5 | 6.73 | 5.11 |
BUT 10 + iBUT 10 | 8.01 | 7.06 |
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Obergruber, M.; Hönig, V.; Procházka, P.; Kučerová, V.; Kotek, M.; Bouček, J.; Mařík, J. Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel. Materials 2021, 14, 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040914
Obergruber M, Hönig V, Procházka P, Kučerová V, Kotek M, Bouček J, Mařík J. Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel. Materials. 2021; 14(4):914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040914
Chicago/Turabian StyleObergruber, Michal, Vladimír Hönig, Petr Procházka, Viera Kučerová, Martin Kotek, Jiří Bouček, and Jakub Mařík. 2021. "Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel" Materials 14, no. 4: 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040914