Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Untreated Coal Waste Aggregates Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials and Specimens
2.2. Mixing Proportions and Specimen Preparation
2.3. Testing Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Test Results and Discussion
3.2. The Effect of Type and Amount of Coal Waste on UPV
3.3. The Effect of Type and Amount of Coal Waste on Compressive Strength
3.4. The Effect of Concrete Age on UPV and Compressive Strength
3.5. Comparing Compressive Strength and UPV
3.6. Relationship between Pulse Transmission Speed and Compressive Strength
4. Conclusions
- The UPV in concrete specimens is reduced significantly as the replacement level of coarse and fine aggregates with coal waste is increased. However, UPV is increased at 5% substitution of coal waste.
- The compressive strength of specimens is improved as 5 vol.% of natural aggregates is replaced with coal waste. However, further addition of coal decreases the compressive strength at different ages.
- As the age of concrete specimens increases, the UPV gains value. In this respect, the maximum pulse velocity corresponds to the 28-day specimen with 5% of coal waste replacing coarse aggregates. In contrast, the minimum velocity belongs to the 7-day specimen, with 20% of fine coal waste aggregates.
- The maximum compressive strength for the 28-day specimen with a replacement level of 5% of coarse coal waste is 40.3 MPa, which is approximately 6% higher than the control specimen at the same age. On the contrary, the lowest compressive strength for the 7-day specimen is 19.2 MPa with a 25% replacement of fine coal waste, indicating an approximate reduction of 29% compared to the control specimen at that age.
- The exponential relationship between the compressive strength and the transmission speed of ultrasonic pulses, obtained in this experiment, shows the acceptable regression analysis results. Therefore, a generic exponential relationship between the compressive strength and UPV was proposed for the entire concrete specimen results with different volume replacement levels of coal waste at different ages, which correlates well with the test results.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aggregate | Sand | Gravel |
---|---|---|
Specific gravity (g/cm3) | 2.76 | 2.5 |
Unit weight (g/cm3) | 1.73 | 1.57 |
Moisture content (%) | 0.3 | 0.14 |
Moisture of saturated surface dry (%) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
Fines modulus (FM) | 2.92 | - |
Sand equivalent value (SE) (%) | 82 | - |
Items | SiO2 | AL2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | P2O5–P2O3 | Na2O | K2O | MnO | TiO2 | L.O.I |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated Coal waste | 37.8 | 13.14 | 2.85 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 2.02 | 0.02 | 1.17 | 40.96 |
Chemical Properties | % |
---|---|
SiO2 | 21.9 |
Al2O3 | 4.86 |
Fe2O3 | 3.3 |
CaO | 63.32 |
MgO | 1.15 |
SO3 | 2.1 |
Loss on ignition | 2.4 |
Physical Properties | |
Specific gravity | 3.15 |
Specific surface (m2/gr) | 0.305 |
Initial setting time (min) | 140 |
Final setting time (min) | 190 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 18.14 (3 days) |
28.93 (7 days) | |
37.17 (28 days) |
Mix No. | Mixture ID | UCW (%) | W/C | Water | Cement | Coarse Agg. | Fine Agg. | UCW | Slump(mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Kg/m3) | |||||||||
1 | CS | 0 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 855 | 0 | 80 |
2 | G-J-S | 5 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 811.3 | 855 | 32.04 | 80 |
3 | 10 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 768.6 | 855 | 60.70 | 70 | |
4 | 15 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 725.9 | 855 | 86.00 | 75 | |
5 | 20 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 683.2 | 855 | 107.92 | 80 | |
6 | 25 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 640.5 | 855 | 126.47 | 82 | |
7 | S-J-S | 5 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 812.25 | 29.11 | 70 |
8 | 10 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 769.5 | 55.15 | 70 | |
9 | 15 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 726.75 | 78.14 | 68 | |
10 | 20 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 684 | 98.05 | 60 | |
11 | 25 | 0.55 | 215 | 391 | 854 | 641.25 | 114.91 | 58 |
Mix No. | Group | Coal Waste | 7 Days | 14 Days | 28 Days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V(m/s) | V(m/s) | V(m/s) | ||||||
1 | CS | 0 | 26.96 | 4421 | 33.66 | 4541.2 | 37.85 | 4641.2 |
2 | G-J-S | 5 | 28.28 | 4472.4 | 35.8 | 4581.4 | 40.28 | 4712.4 |
3 | 10 | 26.71 | 4430 | 33.24 | 4554.2 | 36.8 | 4629.5 | |
4 | 15 | 26.82 | 4440 | 33.75 | 4580 | 36.74 | 4640 | |
5 | 20 | 22.42 | 4396.6 | 29.07 | 4520 | 33.65 | 4624.7 | |
6 | 25 | 20.5 | 4315 | 26.17 | 4463.5 | 29.43 | 4576.8 | |
7 | S-J-S | 5 | 28.41 | 4560 | 36.12 | 4641.7 | 38.94 | 4671.7 |
8 | 10 | 26.82 | 4428 | 33.72 | 4580.4 | 37.98 | 4641.4 | |
9 | 15 | 26.71 | 4410 | 32.86 | 4510.3 | 35.23 | 4550.5 | |
10 | 20 | 20.47 | 4354 | 28.71 | 4495.1 | 32.51 | 4509.3 | |
11 | 25 | 19.18 | 4268.9 | 23.33 | 4400 | 27.81 | 4440.4 |
Mix no | Group | Coal Waste (%) | A | B | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CS | 0 | 0.0288 | 0.0016 | 0.9849 |
2 | G-J-S | 5 | 0.0436 | 0.0015 | 0.942 |
3 | 10 | 0.0204 | 0.0016 | 0.9954 | |
4 | 15 | 0.0235 | 0.0016 | 0.9989 | |
5 | 20 | 0.0087 | 0.0018 | 0.9873 | |
6 | 25 | 0.0505 | 0.0014 | 0.985 | |
7 | S-J-S | 5 | 0.00007 | 0.0028 | 0.999 |
8 | 10 | 0.0143 | 0.0017 | 0.9877 | |
9 | 15 | 0.0041 | 0.002 | 0.9986 | |
10 | 20 | 0.0124 | 0.0017 | 0.9567 | |
11 | 25 | 0.0000001 | 0.0043 | 1 |
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Karimaei, M.; Dabbaghi, F.; Dehestani, M.; Rashidi, M. Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Untreated Coal Waste Aggregates Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Materials 2021, 14, 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030647
Karimaei M, Dabbaghi F, Dehestani M, Rashidi M. Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Untreated Coal Waste Aggregates Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Materials. 2021; 14(3):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030647
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarimaei, Mahmood, Farshad Dabbaghi, Mehdi Dehestani, and Maria Rashidi. 2021. "Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Untreated Coal Waste Aggregates Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity" Materials 14, no. 3: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030647
APA StyleKarimaei, M., Dabbaghi, F., Dehestani, M., & Rashidi, M. (2021). Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Untreated Coal Waste Aggregates Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Materials, 14(3), 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030647