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Volume 14
Issue 21
10.3390/ma14216441
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Article

Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications

by
Pedro José Navarro-Gázquez
1,
Maria José Muñoz-Portero
1,
Encarna Blasco-Tamarit
1,
Rita Sánchez-Tovar
2,
Ramon Manuel Fernández-Domene
2 and
Jose García-Antón
1,*
1
Instituto Universitario de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
2
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universitat de Valencia, Av. de las Universitats, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(21), 6441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216441
Submission received: 1 October 2021 / Revised: 16 October 2021 / Accepted: 24 October 2021 / Published: 27 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Classification, and Application)
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Abstract

In the present work, TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges have been synthesized for the first time. First, TiO2 nanosponges were obtained by anodization under hydrodynamic conditions in a glycerol/water/NH4F electrolyte. Next, in order to achieve the anatase phase of TiO2 and improve its photocatalytic behaviour, the samples were annealed at 450 °C for 1 h. Once the TiO2 nanosponges were synthesized, TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges were obtained by electrodeposition of ZnO on TiO2 nanosponges using different temperatures, times, and concentrations of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2). TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges were used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting tests. The results indicate that the photoelectrochemical response improves, in the studied range, by increasing the temperature and the Zn(NO3)2 concentration during the electrodeposition process, obtaining an increase in the photoelectrochemical response of 141% for the TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanosponges electrodeposited at 75 °C with 10 mM Zn(NO3)2 for 15 min. Furthermore, morphological, chemical, and structural characterization was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman Confocal Laser Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD).
Keywords: hybrid nanostructures; nanosponge; titanium dioxide; zinc oxide; photoelectrochemical water splitting hybrid nanostructures; nanosponge; titanium dioxide; zinc oxide; photoelectrochemical water splitting

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MDPI and ACS Style

Navarro-Gázquez, P.J.; Muñoz-Portero, M.J.; Blasco-Tamarit, E.; Sánchez-Tovar, R.; Fernández-Domene, R.M.; García-Antón, J. Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications. Materials 2021, 14, 6441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216441

AMA Style

Navarro-Gázquez PJ, Muñoz-Portero MJ, Blasco-Tamarit E, Sánchez-Tovar R, Fernández-Domene RM, García-Antón J. Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications. Materials. 2021; 14(21):6441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216441

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navarro-Gázquez, Pedro José, Maria José Muñoz-Portero, Encarna Blasco-Tamarit, Rita Sánchez-Tovar, Ramon Manuel Fernández-Domene, and Jose García-Antón. 2021. "Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications" Materials 14, no. 21: 6441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216441

APA Style

Navarro-Gázquez, P. J., Muñoz-Portero, M. J., Blasco-Tamarit, E., Sánchez-Tovar, R., Fernández-Domene, R. M., & García-Antón, J. (2021). Original Approach to Synthesize TiO2/ZnO Hybrid Nanosponges Used as Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications. Materials, 14(21), 6441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216441

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