Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Densification in Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Inconel 718 Superalloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Basis of Electric Field-Assisted Sintering
2.1. FKM-GTN Model
2.2. Electric Field Model
2.3. Heat Transfer and Thermal Expansion Model
3. Numerical Simulation
3.1. Material and Process
3.2. Numerical Simulation Process
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Effect of Sintering Pressure on the Densification of Inconel 718 Superalloy
4.2. Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Densification of Inconel 718 Superalloy
4.3. Experimental Verification
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the sintering pressure is 50 MPa or below, the degree of densification is low regardless of the sintering temperature. When the pressure is over 110 MPa, the sintered sample presents the yield state prematurely due to rapid densification, and the sintering process is difficult to accurately control. When the sintering pressure is above 70 MPa, the densification cannot be significantly improved by changing the pressure.
- (2)
- The main driving of the densification is plastic flow and the degree of densification is low when the sintering temperature is below 950 °C. When the temperature rises to 1150 °C, the sintered sample quickly completes plastic flow and enters a stage dominated by dislocation creep and diffusion creep and the densification reaches the desired level. When increasing the sintering temperature above 1150 °C, the average porosity of the sintered sample does not change much.
- (3)
- Under the conditions of 70 MPa and 1150 °C, the sintered sample has a twin ratio of 44.4% and that the degree of densification is 94.46%, which consistent with the numerical simulation results. In addition, about 73% of the grain size is below 10 μm, effectively controlling the growth of the grains and conducive to the homogenization of the microstructure.
- (4)
- The yield strength of the electronically sintered sample is 512 MPa, the deformation degree reaches 80% without fracture and the microhardess of the sintered sample is 395 Hv. The experimental results demonstrate an excellent mechanical property of the sintered sample.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calculation Parameters | Numerical Value |
---|---|
Diameter of initial sintered sample φ/mm | 9 |
Initial sintered sample length l/mm | 50 |
Density of initial sintered sample ρp/(kg·m−3) | 3800 |
Young’s modulus of initial sintered sample Ep/Gpa | 3.3 |
Initial sintered sample Poisson’s Ratio νp | 0.3 |
Thermal expansion coefficient of initial sintered sample αp/K−1 | 10−7 |
Thermal conductivity of initial sintered sample kp/(W·m−1·K−1) | 30 |
Specific heat capacity of initial sintered sample at constant pressure Cp/(J·kg−1·K−1) | 450 |
Conductivity of initial sintered sample λp/(S·m−1) | 100 |
Yield stress of initial sintered sample σsp/MPa | 200 |
Porosity of initial sintered sample φ0 | 0.4 |
Tvergaard correction coefficient q1 Tvergaard correction coefficient q2 Tvergaard correction coefficient q3 | 1.5 1 2.25 |
Die density ρd/(kg·m−3) | 2600 |
Young’s modulus of die Ed/Gpa | 60 |
Poisson’s ratio of die νd | 0.25 |
Die thermal expansion coefficient αd/K−1 | 7 × 10−6 |
Die heat transfer coefficient kd/(W·m−1·K−1) | 129 |
Die constant pressure specific heat capacity Cd/(J·kg −1·K−1) | 710 |
Die conductivity λd/(S·m−1) | 10,000 |
Relative permittivity e | 1 |
Serial Number | Sintering Temperature (°C) | Sintering Pressure (MPa) |
---|---|---|
1 | 1250 | 50 |
2 | 1250 | 70 |
3 | 1250 | 90 |
4 | 1250 | 110 |
5 | 1150 | 50 |
6 | 1150 | 70 |
7 | 1150 | 90 |
8 | 1150 | 110 |
9 | 1050 | 50 |
10 | 1050 | 70 |
11 | 1050 | 90 |
12 | 1050 | 110 |
13 | 950 | 50 |
14 | 950 | 70 |
15 | 950 | 90 |
16 | 950 | 110 |
Element | Quality Ratio |
---|---|
Ni | 52.17 |
Nb | 5.24 |
Mo | 3.13 |
Cr | 19.02 |
Al | 0.41 |
Ti | 0.89 |
Co | 0.0089 |
B | <0.005 |
Si | 0.06 |
Mn | <0.005 |
Cu | 0.091 |
Mg C S | <0.005 0.022 <0.003 |
P | 0.056 |
Fe | rel. |
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Ma, L.; Zhang, Z.; Meng, B.; Wan, M. Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Densification in Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Inconel 718 Superalloy. Materials 2021, 14, 2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102546
Ma L, Zhang Z, Meng B, Wan M. Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Densification in Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Inconel 718 Superalloy. Materials. 2021; 14(10):2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102546
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Liyong, Ziyong Zhang, Bao Meng, and Min Wan. 2021. "Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Densification in Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Inconel 718 Superalloy" Materials 14, no. 10: 2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102546