1. Introduction
Vibration and noise reduction through damping materials has always been an important research direction of damping technology [
1]. In recent years, with the deepening of research on vibration reduction equipment, damping materials have become diversified to meet various complex environmental and vibration reduction requirements under different conditions. In general, existing damping materials can be approximately classified into four categories: viscoelastic, composite, intelligent, and metal damping materials. Among these, viscoelastic damping materials are currently the most commonly used [
2]. In order to improve the damping properties of these materials and broaden their applicable temperature range [
3], a great amount of research has been conducted concerning rubber blending, copolymerization, organic small molecule hybridization damping, filler modification, solution coprecipitation, and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) technology [
4]. Silicone rubber (SR) is favored in engineering applications due to its high-temperature resistance. Ren [
5] used SR as the base material, and boron nitride and short carbon fibers as the filler material to develop a high-temperature and high-damping silicone rubber composite; however, its load-carrying capacity still needs to be improved.
In addition to the abovementioned methods, some scholars have designed multi-layer [
6] and restraint damping structures [
7] from the structural design point of view, achieving certain results. Xiao [
8] prepared a super elastic NiTi alloy/polyurethane constrained structure to be used as a damping composite material using a hyper-elastic NiTi alloy as the constraint layer. Through comparative verification of the single layer/multi-layer damping layer structures, the damping performance, interlayer bonding strength, and bending properties of the material were investigated. Taking the subway test section as the engineering background, He [
9] analyzed the density, drying time, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and solid content of materials, and discussed the constrained damping structural performance of different material layers based on a multi-layer constrained damping ceramic tile plate. Liang [
10] designed a new five-layer sandwich composite instrument panel with advanced damping characteristics and specific stiffness characteristics. Based on the theory of multi-layer damping composite design, Yang [
11] prepared a multi-layer composite damping structure using traditional polymer rubber as the matrix, and investigated the effect of damping layer thickness, material loss factor, and elastic modulus on structural performance. Li [
7] theoretically analyzed the effect of material anisotropy and structural components on the characteristics and control mechanism of layered damping structures. The results exhibited that the effect of the flexible layer on damping is greater than that of the stress coupling layer. Compared to changing the material components, the damping performance of the materials optimized by structural design based on the existing damping materials exhibited simple and efficient characteristics and was found to be more practical. However, compared to traditional high damping materials, the demand for large stiffness support of damping structures in industrial production is increasing continuously [
12]. Therefore, many scholars have turned their attention to the design of multi-layer composite damping structures based on metal rubbers (MRs), which are the most typical metal damping materials.
MR is a new elastic porous material which is named for its characteristics of high elasticity and large damping. It is manufactured, as shown in
Figure 1a, by the cold stamping of metal wires [
13]. Based on the pressing process, various structures and shapes can be prepared. Due to the raw materials of the wires, MR has the ability to adapt to various complex environments. The metal wires inside the MR are interlocked, forming a spatial network structure (
Figure 1b). Under the action of external alternating load, the extrusion, sliding, and friction between the metal wires are the main ways to achieve damping and vibration reduction. Some studies have shown that the air damping effect of MR may consume a lot of energy under high-speed deformation, and it has a good development prospect in the field of impact resistance [
14]. In addition to damping performance, the special molding process provides MRs with excellent stiffness performance.
Figure 1c illustrates the application of laminated MR in pipeline vibration reduction. Xiao [
15] designed a laminated MR coating vibration reduction structure for high-temperature pipeline vibration reduction and introduced the variation law of its energy consumption characteristics based on parameters such as amplitude, frequency, ambient temperature, and density experimentally. Ao [
16] designed an MR damping pad to solve the vibration reduction problem of an engine pipeline. They conducted experiments to discuss the effect of different molding densities, component molding technologies, installed pre-compression shrinkage, and excitation force level on the damper. All metal damping materials are made of single materials. Despite the design of the layered structure, the damping performance is relatively low and cannot further meet the complex working conditions of periodic fatigue vibration. To improve the damping performance of MRs, Lu [
17] designed a new damper, based on MR and SR. The dynamic characteristics were experimentally investigated, and a dynamic model was established based on the experimental results. However, in the above study, only the tangential energy consumption of the laminated damping structure was discussed, while the stiffness performance and load-bearing damping capacity of the laminated multi-base damping structure were not analyzed in depth.
In this study, a laminated composite damping structure (LCDS) of MR and SR is designed based on anisotropic physical interface characteristics, which not only meets the high damping requirements, but also ensures that the structure has high stiffness and performance stability characteristics. This kind of structure just stacks different materials together, instead of bonding different materials by chemical or physical methods. Based on the dynamic response of the LCDS under interactive load, the stiffness, damping energy dissipation, and fatigue stability characteristics of the LCDS are explored in depth. The effects of frequency, amplitude, MR matrix density, and structural preload on LCDS performance are investigated by single factor control tests. The design of the MR- and SR-based LCDS can provide an effective reference for the design of damping materials with high stiffness and high damping characteristics in the narrow-spaced structure system under complex conditions.
5. Conclusions
LCDSs, based on MR and SR, were designed, and the dynamic stiffness and damping energy dissipation characteristics of the composite damping structure under periodic sinusoidal excitation were investigated. The designed structure meets the requirements of excellent damping performance, while the high stiffness and fatigue stability of the material are ensured. The details are as follows:
(1) Composite damping structures with different laminated compounds were designed, and their dynamic performance was analyzed through the dynamic sinusoidal tests under periodic cyclic load. The experimental results exhibited that the S-M-S composite damping structure with SR as reinforcement and MR as matrix has a controllable high stiffness effect, and its damping and vibration reduction characteristics are significantly enhanced, due to the EIS formed between the multi-material interfaces. Moreover, the fatigue characteristics of the laminated structure were investigated, and the dynamic performance stability with the number of periodic load cycles, as the variable was further discussed. The results demonstrated that the S-M-S composite damping structure can effectively reduce the performance instability of traditional MRs and can maintain specific structural characteristics under high-frequency periodic loads.
(2) The effect of parameters related to preparation and working conditions was explored in depth, based on the single-factor control variable method. The results exhibited that the average dynamic stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics of the LCDSs increase gradually with increasing MR matrix density and preload. However, due to the different growth rates, the loss factor increased first and then decreased. In addition, with the increase in the amplitude and frequency, the loss factor of the composite damping structure decreased first and then increased. Therefore, compared to damping structures with single damping components, the stiffness of the multi-material composite damping structure can be controlled by adjusting the above parameters.