Utilization of Several Industrial Wastes as Raw Material for Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials and Sample Preparation for CSA Clinker
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
2.2.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.4. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.5. Water Requirement, Setting Time and Compressive Strength of Various CSA Blends
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Raw Materials
3.2. Characterization of CSA Clinkers
3.3. Characterization of Hydrated Paste
3.4. Engineering Properties of OPC-CSA Blended Paste
4. Conclusions
- The particular industrial wastes show potential for application as raw material for CSA cement such as marble dust waste, flue gas desulfurization gypsum, and napier grass ash. CSA clinker with desired phase composition (i.e., C2S, C4A3$ and C4AF) can be successfully synthesized with the appropriate mixed proportion.
- CSA clinker fired at 1250 °C showed most similar phase content compared to designed composition. This clinker was used to study the hydrated pastes at various curing periods by using the FTIR technique.
- The replacement of OPC cement by CSA cement increased the water requirement for normal consistency, and shortened the initial and final setting times.
- Adding of the synthesized CSA cement to OPC cement is very helpful to improve compressive strength in the early age of hydration. However, the long-term compressive strength of synthesized CSA-OPC blended pastes were lower than that of the OPC paste.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | OPC (wt.%) | CSA Clinker (wt.%) | Gypsum (wt.%) | CSA Cement (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 100 | - | - | - |
CSA20 | 80 | 16 | 4 | 20 |
CSA25 | 75 | 20 | 5 | 25 |
CSA30 | 70 | 24 | 6 | 30 |
CSA35 | 65 | 28 | 7 | 35 |
CSA40 | 60 | 32 | 8 | 40 |
Raw Materials | Mix Proportions (wt.%.) | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | K2O | P2O5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDW | 41 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
NGA | 10 | 3.58 | 69.92 | 8.42 | 7.74 | - | 7.23 | 1.18 |
CDW | 10 | - | 68.65 | 15.62 | 5.37 | - | 9.62 | - |
FGDG | 14 | 49.34 | - | - | - | 49.25 | - | 1.28 |
Al2O3 | 25 | - | - | 100 | - | - | - | - |
Target chemical composition of raw mixture | 48.57 | 13.94 | 27.48 | 1.32 | 6.72 | 1.70 | 0.33 | |
Measured chemical composition of calcined clinker at 1250 °C | 49.13 | 14.20 | 24.83 | 2.14 | 7.01 | 0.43 | 0.09 |
Phase | Target Phase Composition (wt.%.) | Clinker Phase Composition Fired at 1200 °C (wt.%.) | Clinker Phase Composition Fired at 1250 °C (wt.%.) | Clinker Phase Composition Fired at 1300 °C (wt.%.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ye’elimite (C4A3$) | 50 | 46.25 | 48.11 | 47.41 |
β-Belite (C2S) | 40 | 43.80 | 41.95 | 42.79 |
Brownmillerite (C4AF) | 10 | 4.54 | 4.90 | 4.36 |
Mayenite | 1.50 | 0.07 | 0.36 | |
Bassanite | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.27 | |
Good of fitness | 3.26 | 3.25 | 3.24 |
Sample | % CSA | w/b to Normal Consistency | Initial Setting Time (minutes) | Final Setting Time (minutes) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 0 | 0.272 | 116 | 195 |
CSA20 | 20 | 0.318 | 38 | 90 |
CSA25 | 25 | 0.328 | 28 | 60 |
CSA30 | 30 | 0.336 | 22 | 55 |
CSA35 | 35 | 0.369 | 17 | 35 |
CSA40 | 40 | 0.405 | 17 | 30 |
Sample | % CSA | 6 h (ksc) | 12 h (ksc) | 24 h (ksc) | 72 h (ksc) | 168 h (ksc) | 336 h (ksc) | 672 h (ksc) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 0 | - | 171 | 413 | 519 | 697 | 817 | 850 |
CSA20 | 20 | 43 | 156 | 310 | 524 | 610 | 627 | 649 |
CSA25 | 25 | 54 | 212 | 434 | 476 | 549 | 594 | 600 |
CSA30 | 30 | 59 | 244 | 428 | 444 | 526 | 536 | 582 |
CSA35 | 35 | 101 | 274 | 439 | 442 | 456 | 481 | 493 |
CSA40 | 40 | 239 | 305 | 367 | 402 | 424 | 448 | 455 |
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Julphunthong, P.; Joyklad, P. Utilization of Several Industrial Wastes as Raw Material for Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement. Materials 2019, 12, 3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203319
Julphunthong P, Joyklad P. Utilization of Several Industrial Wastes as Raw Material for Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement. Materials. 2019; 12(20):3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203319
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulphunthong, Phongthorn, and Panuwat Joyklad. 2019. "Utilization of Several Industrial Wastes as Raw Material for Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement" Materials 12, no. 20: 3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203319