Properties of Cement-Based Composites Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of Synthesizing Magnetic Nanostructures
3. Processing of MN-Engineered Cementitious Composites
4. Properties of Cement Composites Containing Nano-Fe3O4
4.1. Hydration Process
4.2. Workability of Composites
4.3. Structure of Cement-Based Composites Modified with MN
- (1)
- porous phase of low stiffness: a modulus below 10 GPa
- (2)
- LD C–S–H phase of low stiffness: 20 ± 5 GPa
- (3)
- HD C–S–H phase of high stiffness: 30 ± 5 GPa
- (4)
- CH/C–S–H phase: 40 ± 5 GPa
4.4. Mechanical Properties
4.4.1. Compressive Strength
4.4.2. Flexural/Tensile Strength
4.5. Functional Properties
4.5.1. Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
4.5.2. Gamma-Ray Shielding
4.5.3. Thermal Resistance of Cementitious Composites
5. Concluding Remarks and Research Needs
- (1)
- For nano-Fe3O4 used in cement composites for the modification of the structure and mechanical properties, the obtained results were similar to those recorded for the TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles or other nanomaterials, such as Fe2O3, Al2O3, GO, carbon nanotubes, and nanoclay. The use of MN in cement composites leads an increase in the compressive strength. However, an influence of MN on the flexural strength was not observed. MN does not show any noticeable chemical activity, and its positive impact on the mechanical properties and durability is mainly the result of the nucleation effect as well as improvement in the microstructure caused by a nanofilling effect.
- (2)
- The obvious advantage of nano-Fe3O4 compared with other nanomaterials used for modification of the cement composites is that this addition does not worsen the workability of the composites (if its content does not exceed 10% of the binder mass). This is related to the nonporous morphology and more hydrophobic characteristics of the nanomagnetite compared to other nanomaterials, such as SiO2 or TiO2.
- (3)
- Among the properties of the cement composites modified with MN, the particularly interesting property is the increased electromagnetic waves absorption ability and improvement in the shielding ability of the composites against gamma radiation. The tests of the attenuation of gamma rays demonstrated that the addition of nano-Fe3O4 improved the shielding ability of cement pastes and mortars in a range of energy allowing for their use in the future for shields in nuclear and medical objects exposed to ionizing radiation.
- (4)
- The drawback of nano-Fe3O4 is the poor thermal stability of the nanoparticles. The improvement of this feature was achieved by the use of a nano-SiO2 shell. The use of core-shell-type nanostructues produced better mechanical properties in the cement composites within the temperature range of 200–600 °C. The noticeable limitation is the cracking of the heated composite specimens. The cement composites modified with nano-Fe3O4/SiO2 have demonstrated better shielding ability against gamma radiation at temperatures up to 450 °C compared to unmodified concretes. In the future, nano-Fe3O4/SiO2 could be used in cement-based repair materials for the injection of concrete covers in nuclear power plants.
- (5)
- The main problem is, as with other nanomaterials, the efficient manufacturing of cement composites containing MN. The agglomeration, characteristic for nanoparticles in cement composites, increases with the addition MN due to its magnetite properties. As shown in the studies (which are still few), the effective dispersion of MN in cement composites occurs not only with sonication during the mechanical mixing of the components, but also in the coating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a nanosilica shell. The performance of the cement composite modified with MN is sensitive to dosage and dispersion of the nanomodifier, as well as the composition of the composite. Thus, it is important to develop an effective method for applying MN nanostructures into the composite, which should enable the production of such a composite not only in the laboratory but also in the real world.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Synthesis Method | Degree of Complication, Conditions | Reaction Temperature (°C) | Reaction Period | Solvent | Surface-Capping Agents | Size Distribution | Shape Control | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
co-precipitation | very simple, ambient conditions | 20–90 | minutes | water | needed, added during or after reaction | relatively narrow | not good | high/ stable |
thermal decomposition | complicated, inert atmosphere | 100–320 | hours-days | organic compound | needed, added during reaction | relatively narrow | very good | high/ stable |
microemulsion | complicated, ambient conditions | 20–50 | hours | organic compound | needed, added during reaction | relatively narrow | good | low |
hydrothermal synthesis | simple, high pressure | 220 | hours ca. days | water-ethanol | needed, added during reaction | relatively narrow | very good | medium |
Nano-Particles | MN Dispersion Method | Feeding Order | Mixing Method/Time | Molding | Curing | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (mm) | Condition/ Temperature | |||||
Fe3O4/SiO2 | Shear mixing | W + Sp + NP C + SWN | Stir/3 min Stir/2 min | Vibration/ 50 × 50 × 50 (compressive test) | Lime-saturated water 20 °C | Bolhassani and Sayyahmanesh [56] |
Fe3O4 | Shear mixing | C + NP W | Stir/30 min Stir/15 min | ___/cylindrical mold: diameter 200, height 300 (compressive test) | _____ | Florez et al. [57] |
Fe3O4 | Shear mixing | C + NP + M + S + G + W + Sp | _____ | ___/150 × 150 × 150 (compressive test) cylindrical mold: diameter 150, height 300 (indirect tensile test) | Water 20 ± 1 °C. | Shekari and Razzaghi [58] |
Fe3O4 | Shear mixing | C + NP S + G W + Sp | _____ | __/150 × 150 × 150 (compressive test) __/cylindrical mold: diameter 150, height 300 (indirect tensile test) | Water 20 ± 1 °C. | Jaishankar and Mohan [59] |
Fe3O4 | Ultrasonic method + Shear mixing | W + NP + Sp C + S SWN | Stir + ultrasonic/1 min Stir/1 min Stir/2 min | Vibration/ 40 × 40 × 160 (flexural and compressive test) | Water 20 ± 2 °C. | Sikora et al. [40] |
Fe3O4Fe3O4/SiO2 | Ultrasonic method + Shear mixing | W + NP + Sp C + S SWN | Stir + ultrasonic/30 min Stir/1 min Stir/2 min | Vibration/ 40 × 40 × 160 (flexural and compressive test) | Water 20 ± 2 °C | Sikora et al. [55] |
Matrix Type/ Type of Nanoparticle | Enhancement | Content of MN (wt %) | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
After 3 Days | After 7 Days | After 28 Days | ||||||
Abs. (MPa) | Rel. (%) | Abs. (MPa) | Rel. (%) | Abs. (MPa) | Rel. (%) | |||
paste/ Fe3O4 | 43 | 0.00 | 55 | 3.77 | 74 | 4.22 | 0.05 | Bolhassani and Sayyahmanesh [56] |
45 | 4.65 | 57 | 7.54 | 85 | 15.71 | 0.10 | ||
48 | 11.62 | 66 | 24.52 | 67 | −5.63 | 0.20 | ||
paste/ Fe3O4/SiO2 | 43 | 0.00 | 53 | 0.00 | 73 | 2.81 | 0.05 | |
43 | 0.00 | 56 | 5.66 | 78 | 9.85 | 0.10 | ||
45 | 4.65 | 60 | 13.20 | 81 | 14.08 | 0.20 | ||
paste/ Fe3O4 | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 60 | 50.00 | 10.0 | Flores et al. [57] |
paste/ Fe3O4 | _____ _____ | 35.80 24.50 | _____ _____ | 15.00 7.30 | ____ ____ | ____ ____ | 5.0 (fluid) 5.0 (powder) | He et al. [94] |
mortar/ Fe3O4 | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 62.8 | 20.07 | 3.0 | Sikora et al. [55] |
_____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 54.3 | 4.59 | 5.0 | ||
mortar/ Fe3O4/SiO2 | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 51.5 | −1.53 | 3.0 | |
_____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 55.5 | 6.12 | 5.0 | ||
concrete/ Fe3O4 | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 119 | 28.93 | 1.5 | Shikari and Razzaghi [58] |
concrete/ Fe3O4 | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | 64 | 4.92 | 1.5 | Jaishankar and Mohan [59] |
concrete/ Fe3O4 | _____ | _____ | 28.0 | 19.15 | 36.4 | 6.43 | 1.0 | Bragança et al. [95] |
Symbol of Specimen | MN Content (wt %) | µ (cm−1) | HVL (cm) | TVL (cm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | ||||||||||
20 | 300 | 450 | 20 | 300 | 450 | 20 | 300 | 450 | ||
RP | 0 | 0.133 | 0.116 | 0.113 | 5.21 | 5.98 | 6.13 | 17.31 | 19.85 | 20.38 |
P5 | 5 | 0.134 | 0.118 | 0.114 | 5.17 | 5.87 | 6.08 | 17.18 | 19.51 | 20.20 |
P10 | 10 | 0.137 | 0.121 | 0.116 | 5.06 | 5.73 | 5.97 | 16.80 | 19.03 | 19.85 |
RC | 0 | 0.186 | 0.179 | 0.179 | 3.73 | 3.85 | 3.87 | 12.38 | 12.79 | 12.86 |
NC | 3 | 0.187 | 0.184 | 0.181 | 3.71 | 3.78 | 3.82 | 12.31 | 12.54 | 12.69 |
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Horszczaruk, E. Properties of Cement-Based Composites Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Review. Materials 2019, 12, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020326
Horszczaruk E. Properties of Cement-Based Composites Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Review. Materials. 2019; 12(2):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020326
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorszczaruk, Elżbieta. 2019. "Properties of Cement-Based Composites Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Review" Materials 12, no. 2: 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020326