Author Contributions
Conceptualization, L.W. and H.Z.; Funding acquisition, H.Z.; Software, W.L., L.B. and J.T.; Investigation, L.W.; Data curation, L.B. and J.T.; Writing—original draft, L.W., L.B. and H.H.; Writing—review & editing, L.W., J.T. and M.A.; Supervision, H.Z.
Figure 1.
The methodological framework flow chart.
Figure 1.
The methodological framework flow chart.
Figure 2.
Basalt fiber and macro synthetic fiber: (a) basalt fiber (BF); (b) macro synthetic polypropylene fiber (SF).
Figure 2.
Basalt fiber and macro synthetic fiber: (a) basalt fiber (BF); (b) macro synthetic polypropylene fiber (SF).
Figure 3.
Three identical SHPB specimens of each condition.
Figure 3.
Three identical SHPB specimens of each condition.
Figure 4.
The JSM-6360LV digital scanning electron microscope.
Figure 4.
The JSM-6360LV digital scanning electron microscope.
Figure 5.
The SEM specimen.
Figure 5.
The SEM specimen.
Figure 6.
Schematic illustration of SHPB apparatus.
Figure 6.
Schematic illustration of SHPB apparatus.
Figure 7.
Typical detected pulses.
Figure 7.
Typical detected pulses.
Figure 8.
The 28-day compressive strength of BSFRC.
Figure 8.
The 28-day compressive strength of BSFRC.
Figure 9.
BF and SF distribution in crack area.
Figure 9.
BF and SF distribution in crack area.
Figure 10.
Dynamic characteristic parameters in the stress–strain curve of the SHPB test.
Figure 10.
Dynamic characteristic parameters in the stress–strain curve of the SHPB test.
Figure 11.
Impact stress–strain curves in the SHPB test: (a) PC; (b) BC; (c) SC; (d) BSC1; (e) BSC2; (f) BSC3.
Figure 11.
Impact stress–strain curves in the SHPB test: (a) PC; (b) BC; (c) SC; (d) BSC1; (e) BSC2; (f) BSC3.
Figure 12.
Strain rate effect on the peak stress of BSFRC.
Figure 12.
Strain rate effect on the peak stress of BSFRC.
Figure 13.
Strain rate effect on DIF of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 13.
Strain rate effect on DIF of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 14.
Strain rate effect on impact strain of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 14.
Strain rate effect on impact strain of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 15.
Strain rate effect on impact toughness of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 15.
Strain rate effect on impact toughness of BSFRC: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1.
Figure 16.
Fiber hybridization effect on impact strength of BSFRC.
Figure 16.
Fiber hybridization effect on impact strength of BSFRC.
Figure 17.
Fiber hybridization effect on impact toughness of BSFRC.
Figure 17.
Fiber hybridization effect on impact toughness of BSFRC.
Figure 18.
Experimental and fitted stress–strain curves at different strain rates: (a) BC–w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1–w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) SC–w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 18.
Experimental and fitted stress–strain curves at different strain rates: (a) BC–w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) BSC1–w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) SC–w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 19.
Experimental and fitted stress–strain curves with different w/c ratios: (a) PC; (b) BC; (c) SC; (d) BSC1; (e) BSC2; (f) BSC3.
Figure 19.
Experimental and fitted stress–strain curves with different w/c ratios: (a) PC; (b) BC; (c) SC; (d) BSC1; (e) BSC2; (f) BSC3.
Figure 20.
Microscopic appearance of mortar: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 20.
Microscopic appearance of mortar: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 21.
Interface between mortar and detritus: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 21.
Interface between mortar and detritus: (a) w/c ratio: 0.68; (b) w/c ratio: 0.54; (c) w/c ratio: 0.44.
Figure 22.
BF and SF distribution in concrete with w/c ratio of 0.54: (a) BF; (b) SF.
Figure 22.
BF and SF distribution in concrete with w/c ratio of 0.54: (a) BF; (b) SF.
Figure 23.
Interface between mortar and fibers: (a) Interface between mortar and BF of BC; (b) Interface between mortar and SF of SC.
Figure 23.
Interface between mortar and fibers: (a) Interface between mortar and BF of BC; (b) Interface between mortar and SF of SC.
Figure 24.
Energy spectrum in different areas of PC: (a) Spectrum1: Energy spectrum in the ITZ; (b) Spectrum2: Energy spectrum at 500 μm away.
Figure 24.
Energy spectrum in different areas of PC: (a) Spectrum1: Energy spectrum in the ITZ; (b) Spectrum2: Energy spectrum at 500 μm away.
Figure 25.
Energy spectrum in the ITZ of different concretes: (a) Spectrum3: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of BC; (b) Spectrum4: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of SC; (c) Spectrum5: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of BSC1.
Figure 25.
Energy spectrum in the ITZ of different concretes: (a) Spectrum3: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of BC; (b) Spectrum4: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of SC; (c) Spectrum5: Energy spectrum in the ITZ of BSC1.
Table 1.
Mixture proportion for concrete.
Table 1.
Mixture proportion for concrete.
w/c Ratio | Proportion (kg/m3) |
---|
Water | Cement | Sand | Detritus |
---|
0.44 | 225 | 511 | 525 | 1120 |
0.54 | 225 | 417 | 589 | 1169 |
0.68 | 225 | 331 | 728 | 1116 |
Table 2.
Physical and mechanical properties of BF and SF.
Table 2.
Physical and mechanical properties of BF and SF.
Fiber | Diameter (μm) | Fiber Length (mm) | Density (g/cm3) | Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | Tensile Trength (GPa) | Elongation (%) |
---|
BF | 15 | 12 | 2.65 | 93–110 | 4.5 | 3.15 |
SF | 800 | 15 | 0.91 | 9 | 0.45 | 15 |
Table 3.
Test conditions of basalt-macro synthetic polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (BSFRC) specimens.
Table 3.
Test conditions of basalt-macro synthetic polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (BSFRC) specimens.
Group | BF | SF | w/c: 0.44 | w/c: 0.54 | w/c: 0.68 |
---|
% | % | IP(MPa) | Label | IP(MPa) | Label | IP(MPa) | Label |
---|
PC | 0 | 0 | 0 | S-1 | 0 | S-7 | 0 | S-13 |
0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 19 | 0.3 | 37 |
0.4 | 2 | 0.4 | 20 | 0.4 | 38 |
0.5 | 3 | 0.5 | 21 | 0.5 | 39 |
BC | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | S-2 | 0 | S-8 | 0 | S-14 |
0.3 | 4 | 0.3 | 22 | 0.3 | 40 |
0.4 | 5 | 0.4 | 23 | 0.4 | 41 |
0.5 | 6 | 0.5 | 24 | 0.5 | 42 |
SC | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | S-3 | 0 | S-9 | 0 | S-15 |
0.3 | 7 | 0.3 | 25 | 0.3 | 43 |
0.4 | 8 | 0.4 | 26 | 0.4 | 44 |
0.5 | 9 | 0.5 | 27 | 0.5 | 45 |
BSC1 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0 | S-4 | 0 | S-10 | 0 | S-16 |
0.3 | 10 | 0.3 | 28 | 0.3 | 46 |
0.4 | 11 | 0.4 | 29 | 0.4 | 47 |
0.5 | 12 | 0.5 | 30 | 0.5 | 48 |
BSC2 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 0 | S-5 | 0 | S-11 | 0 | S-17 |
0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | 31 | 0.3 | 49 |
0.4 | 14 | 0.4 | 32 | 0.4 | 50 |
0.5 | 15 | 0.5 | 33 | 0.5 | 51 |
BSC3 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0 | S-6 | 0 | S-12 | 0 | S-18 |
0.3 | 16 | 0.3 | 34 | 0.3 | 52 |
0.4 | 17 | 0.4 | 35 | 0.4 | 53 |
0.5 | 18 | 0.5 | 36 | 0.5 | 54 |
Table 4.
The dynamic characteristic parameters of BSFRC in the SHPB test.
Table 4.
The dynamic characteristic parameters of BSFRC in the SHPB test.
Label | Strain Rate (/s) | Peak Stress (MPa) | Peak Strain | Ultimate Strain | Peak Toughness ×103 kJ/m3 | Ultimate Toughness ×103 kJ/m3 |
---|
1 | 37 | 45.71 | 0.00820 | 0.0218 | 0.1509 | 0.4112 |
2 | 64 | 52.00 | 0.00852 | 0.02104 | 0.2813 | 0.4965 |
3 | 82 | 57.36 | 0.00771 | 0.02201 | 0.2992 | 0.6296 |
4 | 35 | 46.54 | 0.00692 | 0.01922 | 0.2498 | 0.5616 |
5 | 58 | 51.80 | 0.00789 | 0.02099 | 0.3098 | 0.6268 |
6 | 85 | 60.25 | 0.00754 | 0.02224 | 0.2763 | 0.6983 |
7 | 40 | 53.04 | 0.00812 | 0.01770 | 0.2586 | 0.5240 |
8 | 55 | 56.83 | 0.00667 | 0.02021 | 0.2359 | 0.5576 |
9 | 89 | 62.99 | 0.00624 | 0.02086 | 0.2923 | 0.7947 |
10 | 33 | 52.12 | 0.00813 | 0.02014 | 0.2711 | 0.6157 |
11 | 61 | 55.17 | 0.00737 | 0.01906 | 0.2389 | 0.5760 |
12 | 90 | 65.10 | 0.00629 | 0.02124 | 0.3287 | 0.8159 |
13 | 38 | 47.83 | 0.00582 | 0.01958 | 0.2411 | 0.5826 |
14 | 60 | 54.09 | 0.00628 | 0.02044 | 0.2369 | 0.4834 |
15 | 79 | 59.57 | 0.00711 | 0.02138 | 0.2626 | 0.6249 |
16 | 32 | 48.32 | 0.00838 | 0.01856 | 0.2630 | 0.5238 |
17 | 54 | 48.94 | 0.00737 | 0.01709 | 0.2157 | 0.4678 |
18 | 84 | 55.86 | 0.00688 | 0.02128 | 0.2626 | 0.6249 |
19 | 28 | 34.12 | 0.00683 | 0.01722 | 0.1558 | 0.3736 |
20 | 55 | 38.06 | 0.00722 | 0.01663 | 0.1948 | 0.3283 |
21 | 75 | 46.27 | 0.00620 | 0.02201 | 0.2201 | 0.4732 |
22 | 34 | 34.41 | 0.00676 | 0.01764 | 0.1733 | 0.4482 |
23 | 58 | 38.72 | 0.00795 | 0.01868 | 0.2172 | 0.3898 |
24 | 77 | 47.57 | 0.00973 | 0.02196 | 0.2552 | 0.5805 |
25 | 35 | 40.80 | 0.00642 | 0.01432 | 0.1935 | 0.3922 |
26 | 63 | 44.23 | 0.00618 | 0.01782 | 0.2134 | 0.4820 |
27 | 72 | 51.89 | 0.00768 | 0.01985 | 0.1942 | 0.4201 |
28 | 31 | 40.99 | 0.00788 | 0.01606 | 0.1895 | 0.4205 |
29 | 64 | 43.36 | 0.00884 | 0.02179 | 0.2335 | 0.5006 |
30 | 80 | 53.48 | 0.00918 | 0.02256 | 0.2912 | 0.6891 |
31 | 37 | 36.54 | 0.00860 | 0.01823 | 0.2052 | 0.3826 |
32 | 60 | 36.78 | 0.00867 | 0.01757 | 0.1669 | 0.3927 |
33 | 83 | 45.87 | 0.00850 | 0.02232 | 0.2116 | 0.5121 |
34 | 40 | 36.82 | 0.00804 | 0.01798 | 0.1622 | 0.4052 |
35 | 57 | 36.35 | 0.00728 | 0.01975 | 0.1725 | 0.4525 |
36 | 91 | 47.20 | 0.00938 | 0.02196 | 0.2065 | 0.4265 |
37 | 41 | 27.37 | 0.00776 | 0.01120 | 0.1461 | 0.2340 |
38 | 62 | 29.75 | 0.00876 | 0.01637 | 0.1887 | 0.2271 |
39 | 85 | 32.61 | 0.01141 | 0.01918 | 0.2013 | 0.4012 |
40 | 47 | 29.09 | 0.00732 | 0.01604 | 0.1486 | 0.2225 |
41 | 56 | 31.94 | 0.00841 | 0.01677 | 0.1848 | 0.3768 |
42 | 71 | 34.87 | 0.00999 | 0.02044 | 0.2245 | 0.4437 |
43 | 39 | 30.48 | 0.00712 | 0.01594 | 0.1420 | 0.2094 |
44 | 56 | 33.56 | 0.00848 | 0.01692 | 0.2105 | 0.3898 |
45 | 73 | 36.98 | 0.01012 | 0.02053 | 0.2415 | 0.4847 |
46 | 40 | 28.78 | 0.00730 | 0.01578 | 0.1160 | 0.2271 |
47 | 48 | 31.29 | 0.00728 | 0.01370 | 0.1973 | 0.3648 |
48 | 77 | 35.27 | 0.00886 | 0.01705 | 0.2576 | 0.4204 |
49 | 42 | 28.80 | 0.00720 | 0.01321 | 0.1425 | 0.2599 |
50 | 54 | 30.23 | 0.00778 | 0.01824 | 0.1778 | 0.2585 |
51 | 76 | 31.81 | 0.01024 | 0.02136 | 0.2474 | 0.4107 |
52 | 37 | 29.04 | 0.00549 | 0.01196 | 0.1209 | 0.2506 |
53 | 52 | 30.51 | 0.00883 | 0.01462 | 0.2047 | 0.3021 |
54 | 79 | 32.88 | 0.00835 | 0.01819 | 0.2135 | 0.3840 |
Table 5.
The linear fitting results of DIF function.
Table 5.
The linear fitting results of DIF function.
w/c Ratio | Group | Label | Functions | R | R2 |
---|
0.44 | BSC1 | a4 | | 0.91064 | 0.82926 |
0.54 | BSC1 | b4 | | 0.80177 | 0.64283 |
0.68 | PC | c1 | | 0.99152 | 0.98311 |
BC | c2 | | 0.99690 | 0.99381 |
SC | c3 | | 0.99293 | 0.98591 |
BSC1 | c4 | | 0.99275 | 0.98555 |
BSC2 | c5 | | 0.99826 | 0.99652 |
BSC3 | c6 | | 0.99717 | 0.99434 |
Table 6.
The fitted parameters of BSFRC under different strain rate.
Table 6.
The fitted parameters of BSFRC under different strain rate.
w/c Ratio | Group | Strain Rate (/s) | | | | | | m | a (×10−3) |
---|
0.44 | SC | 40 | 0.538 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 1.37 | 5.992 | 2.154 | 14.23 |
SC | 55 | 1.512 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 2.15 | 11.56 | 1.982 | 10.22 |
SC | 89 | 0.376 | 8.7 | 18.4 | 2.37 | 2.225 | 1.933 | 10.53 |
0.54 | BSC1 | 31 | 0.694 | 7.9 | 13.4 | 1.35 | 1.181 | 1.954 | 10.28 |
BSC1 | 64 | 1.013 | 7.9 | 14.8 | 1.56 | 1.225 | 1.865 | 11.36 |
BSC1 | 80 | 1.410 | 7.9 | 15.9 | 1.97 | 2.348 | 1.800 | 13.40 |
0.68 | BC | 47 | 1.265 | 8.1 | 11.8 | 1.18 | 5.188 | 1.730 | 7.36 |
BC | 56 | 0.793 | 8.1 | 12.8 | 1.26 | 6.44 | 1.350 | 8.62 |
BC | 71 | 0.792 | 8.1 | 14.4 | 1.32 | 7.244 | 1.310 | 9.36 |
Table 7.
The fitted parameters of BSFRC with different fiber hybrid ratios.
Table 7.
The fitted parameters of BSFRC with different fiber hybrid ratios.
w/c Ratio | Group | Strain Rate (/s) | | | | | | m | a (×10−3) |
---|
0.44 | PC | 64 | 1.545 | 7.5 | 11.8 | 4.84 | 23.96 | 1.350 | 9.58 |
BC | 58 | 0.765 | 8.5 | 16.9 | 1.92 | 15.34 | 1.928 | 10.92 |
SC | 55 | 1.512 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 2.15 | 11.56 | 1.852 | 10.22 |
BSC1 | 61 | 1.480 | 7.9 | 12.5 | 4.32 | 4.163 | 2.129 | 11.48 |
BSC2 | 60 | 2.790 | 8.8 | 15.3 | 2.68 | 11.78 | 2.186 | 8.77 |
BSC3 | 54 | 0.787 | 7.4 | 11.5 | 3.22 | 6.297 | 2.103 | 10.37 |
Table 8.
The atomic percentage of different energy spectrums.
Table 8.
The atomic percentage of different energy spectrums.
Element | Atomic Percentage (%) |
---|
O | Mg | Al | Si | S | K | Ca | Fe |
---|
Spectrum 1 | 45.88 | 0.65 | 2.49 | 8.96 | 1.39 | 1.19 | 38.04 | 1.40 |
Spectrum 2 | 34.13 | 2.79 | 6.67 | 15.51 | 1.64 | 4.63 | 30.69 | 3.94 |
Spectrum 3 | 36.44 | 0.66 | 4.29 | 14.21 | 2.12 | 1.52 | 39.13 | 1.63 |
Spectrum 4 | 38.84 | 1.29 | 5.25 | 11.52 | 2.21 | 0.95 | 38.11 | 1.83 |
Spectrum 5 | 45.56 | 0.98 | 2.92 | 11.70 | 0.98 | 0.37 | 35.86 | 1.63 |