A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Noble Metal NPs
1.2. Fundamentals of The Microemulsion Technique
1.3. Preparation of Nanoparticles Using Microemulsion Techniques
1.4. Factors Affecting NPs Synthesis in a W/O Microemulsion
2. Recent Investigations on The Microemulsion-Based Synthesis of Re, Ir, Os, and Rh NPs
2.1. Microemulsion-Based Methodologies for Generating Re NPs
2.2. Microemulsion-Based Methodologies for Generating Ir NPs
2.3. Microemulsion-Based Methodologies for The Generation of Rh NPs Synthesis
3. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Investigation
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal NP Composition | Microemulsion Type | Surfactant | Particle Size | Highlight(s) of Synthetic Method | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Re NPs | Reverse microemulsion (a/o) | DDAB or DDAI | 2.2 nm | Useful for synthesizing oxidation-sensitive NPs. Needs very low temperature | [72] |
Re NPs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 1–18 nm (depends on the synthesis conditions) | Control of the particle size with varying γ-irradiation doses. | [73,74] |
Re/Re oxide NPs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 0.7–1.4 nm | Obtained very small sized particles with a narrow size distribution but metal NPs oxidation state was not studied. Reverse trend observed for W factor effect. | [75] |
Pt-Re bimetallic NPs | Reverse microemulsion | Triton X-100 | 1.8–2.05 nm | Small bimetallic NPs obtained, Used a very low W value (=0.3) | [77] |
Re6 cluster@SiO2 NPs | Reverse microemulsion | Brij 30 | 30 nm | NPs kept their luminescence properties in aqueous solutions (potential for biological applications) (need to form multinuclear Re cluster at high temperatures first) | [81] |
Re sulfide NPs | Reverse microemulsion | NP5/NP10 or NP10/Triton X-45 | - | Introduced a novel high-throughput microemulsion synthesis device | [82] |
Metal NP Composition | Microemulsion Type | Surfactant | Particle Size | Highlight(s) of Synthetic Method | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ir nanowires | Reverse microemulsion | Several surfactants such as CTAB, Triton X-100, Brij 30, etc. | 1.8 nm diameter (for the CTAB-micelles) | Presents a facile method for synthesizing 1D Ir nanomaterials and evaluating the effects of different surfactants on the morphology and size of prepared Ir NPs | [83,84] |
Organoiridium (III) complex NPs | Normal microemulsion | CTAB | 30 nm | Uses an organometallic complex for a normal microemulsion NP synthesis. Reduction of perylene (which acts as a triplet annihilator) occurs outside the CTAB-micelles with the formation of core-shell Ir complex@perylene NPs | [85] |
Ir(III)complex@GS NPs | Reverse microemulsion | Triton X-100 | 50 nm for Ru1@GSNPs (as a sample of all the M@GSNPs) | Synthesizes doped transition metal complexes into GS NPs with potential biomedical applications | [86] |
Ir and Pt-Ir bimetallic NPs anchored onto MWCNTs | Reverse microemulsion | Brij 30 | - | Prepares a stable and reusable cathode of bimetallic Pt-Ir NPs@MWCNTs | [87] |
Ir and Pd-Ir bimetallic NPs supported on carbon | Reverse microemulsion | Triton X-114 | 4 nm for Ir/C and 4.2 nm for Pd-Ir/C NPs | The size of mono- and bimetallic NPs has been studied. The synthesized Pd-Ir-0.1/C NPs were much smaller than the Pd/C NPs. Among all the mono- and bimetallic/C synthesized NPs prepared, the Ir mono- and bimetallic/C NPs turned out to be the smallest. | [88] |
Metal NP Composition | Microemulsion Type | Surfactant | Particle Size | Highlight(s) of Synthetic Method | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rh NPs | Normal microemulsion | Brij 96V | 3.9 nm | Synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs including Rh by a normal microemulsion (less oil phase) | [89] |
Rh mono- and bimetallic NPs supported on functionalized multi- and single wall CNTs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 5.6 nm and 4.6 nm for Rh and Pd-Rh, and 4.5 nm and 2.3 nm for Rh and Pt-Rh, respectively. | The bimetallic supported NPs showed a significant increase in their catalytic activity compared to monometallic supported NPs | [90,91] |
Rh NPs supported on ZnO | Reverse microemulsion | Synperonic 13/6.5 | 2.1 nm | The selectivity of the microemulsion-synthesis Rh@ZnO NPs increased with respect to glycerol dehydrogenation but the activity compared to DP-solids decreased which could be caused by the presence of some remaining surfactant molecules around the particles after heating | [93] |
Rh mono- and bimetallic NPs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 0.7–6.5 nm, and 2–4 nm | Smaller particles prepared by lower γ-irradiation doses | [94,95] |
Rh NPs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 10 nm | Prepared a very good Rh NPs-modified Pt electrode which performed as an effective glucose biosensor in real blood samples | [96] |
Rh NPs | Reverse microemulsion | AOT | 4 nm | Smaller particles with higher activity obtained by the microemulsion technique compared to MWv-method | [97] |
Rh NPs | Normal microemulsion | CTAB | 1–2 nm | Using an ionic liquid to improve the micellization and the size control of the particles | [98] |
Rh NPs | Polymer-micellar template | PEO-b-PMMA | 100 nm | Synthesizing mesoporous Rh NPs for the first time by applying a chemical reduction method | [99] |
Rh NPs | Reverse microemulsion | CPB | 12 nm | Synthesizing a fibrous-structure of Rh NPs with high thermal and mechanical stability and high surface area | [100] |
Pt-Rh@BHA NPs | Reverse microemulsion | (PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG) polymer | 4.1 nm | Prepared bimetallic Pt-Rh NPs with exceptionally high thermal stability and precise control of composition | [103] |
Ce1−xRhxO2−y mixed oxide NPs | Reverse microemulsion | Triton X-100 | 4–5 nm | Prepared a range of Ce-Rh mixed oxide nanocrystals with a wide and higher range of Rh doping levels with their structural stability studied under oxidizing and reducing atmospheres | [110] |
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Soleimani Zohr Shiri, M.; Henderson, W.; Mucalo, M.R. A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh. Materials 2019, 12, 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121896
Soleimani Zohr Shiri M, Henderson W, Mucalo MR. A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh. Materials. 2019; 12(12):1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121896
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoleimani Zohr Shiri, Mohammad, William Henderson, and Michael R. Mucalo. 2019. "A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh" Materials 12, no. 12: 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121896